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Troubleshooting VM start up | Compute Engine Documentation

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Linux

This document includes troubleshooting information about VM startup issues due to

and

.

If you receive a quota error when you try to start an instance, you must request additional CPU quota. For more information, see the VM instances section of the Compute Engine allocation quotas documentation.

If your instance does not start and you are unable to connect to it or log in through the interactive serial console, identify the reason why the boot disk is not completing the boot and startup process.

• Verify that your boot disk is not full.

  If your boot disk is completely full and your operating system does not support automatic resizing, you won't be able to connect to your instance. You must create a new instance and recreate the boot disk. For more information, see Recovering VMs or full boot disks.

• Examine your virtual machine instance's serial port output.

  An instance's BIOS, bootloader, and kernel prints their debug messages into the instance's serial port output, providing valuable information about any errors or issues that the instance experienced. If you enable serial port output logging to Cloud Logging, you can access this information even when your instance is not running.

• Enable interactive access to the serial console.

  You can enable interactive access to an instance's serial console, so you can log in and debug boot issues from within the instance without requiring your instance to be fully booted. For more information, see Troubleshooting using the serial console.

• Verify that boot disk cloning is not in progress

  If cloning of the boot disk is in progress, you can't start the VM and you see an error similar to the following.

  Failed to start example-vm: The instance resource 'projects/example-project/zones/us-central1-b/instances/example-vm' is already being used by 'projects/example-project/zones/us-central1-b/disks/clone'
  

  Wait for the clone to complete, then start the VM.

• Verify that snapshot of the boot disk is not in progress

  If a snapshot of the boot disk is in progress, you can't start the VM and you see an error similar to the following:

  The instance resource 'projects/example-project/zones/asia-east1-b/instances/example-vm' is already being used by 'projects/example-project/global/snapshots/example-vm-prod-asia-east1-b-abc'
  

  Wait for the snapshot to complete, then start the VM.

• Verify that your disk has a valid file system.

  If your file system is corrupted or otherwise invalid, you won't be able to launch your instance. Validate your disk's file system:

  1. Detach the disk in question from any instance it is attached to, if applicable:

     gcloud compute instances delete old-instance --keep-disks boot
     

  2. Start a new instance with the latest Google-provided image:

     gcloud compute instances create debug-instance

  3. Attach your disk as a non-boot disk, but don't mount it. Replace DISK with the name of the disk that won't boot. Note the device name that identifies the disk on the instance:

     gcloud compute instances attach-disk debug-instance \
         --disk DISK \
         --device-name debug-disk
     

  4. Connect to the instance:

     gcloud compute ssh debug-instance
     

  5. Look up the root partition of the disk, which is identified with the part1 notation. In this case, the root partition of the disk is at /dev/sdb1:

     ls -l /dev/disk/by-id
     total 0
     lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root  9 Jan 22 17:09 google-debug-disk -> ../../sdb
     lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 Jan 22 17:09 google-debug-disk-part1 -> ../../sdb1
     lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root  9 Jan 22 17:02 google-persistent-disk-0 -> ../../sda
     lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 Jan 22 17:02 google-persistent-disk-0-part1 -> ../../sda1
     lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root  9 Jan 22 17:09 scsi-0Google_PersistentDisk_debug-disk -> ../../sdb
     lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 Jan 22 17:09 scsi-0Google_PersistentDisk_debug-disk-part1 -> ../../sdb1
     lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root  9 Jan 22 17:02 scsi-0Google_PersistentDisk_persistent-disk-0 -> ../../sda
     lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 Jan 22 17:02 scsi-0Google_PersistentDisk_persistent-disk-0-part1 -> ../../sda1
     

  6. Run a file system check on the root partition:

     sudo fsck /dev/sdb1
     fsck from util-linux 2.20.1
     e2fsck 1.42.5 (29-Jul-2012)
     /dev/sdb1: clean, 19829/655360 files, 208111/2621184 blocks
     

  7. Mount your file system:

      sudo mkdir /mydisk
     

      sudo mount /dev/sdb1 /mydisk
     

  8. Check that the disk has kernel files:

      ls /mydisk/boot/vmlinuz-*
      /mydisk/boot/vmlinuz-3.2.0-4-amd64
      

• Verify that the disk has a valid master boot record (MBR).

  Run the following command on the debug instance that has the attached persistent boot disk, such as /dev/sdb:

  sudo parted /dev/sdb print
  

  If your MBR is valid, it lists information about the file system:

  Disk /dev/sdb: 10.7GB
  Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/4096B
  Partition Table: msdos
  Disk Flags:
  Number  Start   End     Size    Type     File system  Flags
   1      2097kB  10.7GB  10.7GB  primary  ext4         boot
  

After you identify where the boot and startup process is failing, you can correct the issue by completing one of the following actions:

• Use your imported image to create a standalone boot disk

• Start over and import the boot disk image again

Mount your imported image on a secondary disk that is attached to a temporary VM instance. Use the Google Cloud console or the gcloud CLI to create a standalone disk from the image that you uploaded and create a temporary VM with the standalone disk attached. You can use this instance to modify files on the standalone disk and fix issues that cause that image to fail to start.

Create a standalone disk from the boot disk image that you imported. Alternatively, you can detach a boot disk from an instance and create the instance using that detached boot disk instead.

1. In the Google Cloud console, go to the Disks page.

   Go to Disks

2. Click Create disk.
3. On the Create a disk page, specify the following attributes:
   • Zone: Select a zone near you. You must use this same zone when you create your temporary instance.
   • Disk source type: Image
   • Source image: Specify the name of the boot disk image that you imported.
4. To create the disk, click Create.

Create a temporary instance where you can attach the standalone disk and configure the bootloader to function in a Google Cloud console environment.

1. In the Google Cloud console, go to the VM instances page.

   Go to Instances

2. Click the Create instance button.

3. On the Create an instance page, specify an instance name and a zone in which to locate the instance. The zone must be the same zone where you created your standalone disk.

4. Expand the Management, security, disks, networking, sole tenancy section.

5. Under the Disks tab in the Additional disks section, click Attach existing disk. A new section appears.

6. Under the Disk section, select the standalone disk that you created from the drop-down list. This attaches the standalone disk to the instance so you can mount it and modify the disk contents later.

7. Click Done to finish attaching the disk.

8. Click the Create button to create the instance.

Create a standalone disk from the boot disk image that you imported. Alternatively, you can detach a boot disk from an instance and create the instance by using that detached boot disk instead.

gcloud compute disks create DISK_NAME \
    --zone=ZONE \
    --image=IMAGE_NAME

Replace the following:

• DISK_NAME: the name for the new standalone disk.

• ZONE: a zone near you. You must use this same zone when you create the temporary instance.

• IMAGE_NAME: the name of the boot disk image that you imported.

Create a temporary instance where you can attach the standalone disk and configure the bootloader to function in a Google Cloud console environment.

gcloud compute instances create INSTANCE_NAME \
    --zone=ZONE \
    --disk name=DISK_NAME

Replace the following:

• INSTANCE_NAME: a unique name for your instance

• ZONE: the zone where you created the standalone disk

• DISK_NAME: the name of the standalone disk that you created from the imported boot disk image

After you create the instance with the attached standalone disk, you have a virtual environment where you can modify the bootloader from your original boot disk image.

Connect to the instance, mount the standalone disk, and configure the bootloader so that it boots properly on Compute Engine.

1. Connect to the temporary instance by using SSH-in-browser or the gcloud compute ssh command.

2. Use the blkid command to identify the disk that you want to modify and the partitions that you need to mount. In this example, /dev/sdb is the disk that you imported.

   lsblk
   

   NAME   MAJ:MIN RM  SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
   sda      8:0    0   10G  0 disk
   └─sda1   8:1    0   10G  0 part /
   sdb      8:16   0  100G  0 disk
   ├─sdb1   8:17   0   96G  0 part
   ├─sdb2   8:18   0    1K  0 part
   └─sdb5   8:21   0    4G  0 part
   

3. Mount the root partition from the standalone disk to the /tmp directory. In this example /dev/sdb1 is the root partition and the other partitions do not require any modifications. Your partition scheme might require you to mount multiple partitions before you can access all of the files that you need to change.

   sudo mount /dev/sdb1 /tmp
   

4. Edit files that might cause the disk to fail the boot process. For more information, see the bootloader configuration instructions.

5. Unmount the boot disk from the temporary instance.

   sudo umount /tmp
   

When you have finished configuring this disk, detach it, and use it as the boot disk for new instance.

Detach the standalone disk from the temporary instance.

1. In the Google Cloud console, go to the VM instances page.

   Go to Instances

2. On the list of instances, click the name of the temporary instance where you modified the standalone boot disk. The instance details page opens.

3. At the top of the instance details page, click Edit.

4. Under Additional disks, click the X next to the standalone disk to indicate that you want to detach it from the temporary instance.

5. Click Save to save your changes.

Use the detached standalone disk to create an instance.

1. In the Google Cloud console, go to the VM instances page.

   Go to Instances

2. Click the Create instance button.

3. On the Create an instance page, specify an instance name and a zone in which to locate the instance. The zone must be the same zone where you created your standalone disk.

4. Under Boot disk, click Change to begin configuring your boot disk.

5. In the Existing disks tab, choose the standalone boot disk to use as the boot disk for this new instance.

6. Click the Create button to create the instance.

Detach the standalone disk from the temporary instance.

gcloud compute instances detach-disk INSTANCE_NAME \
    --disk name=DISK_NAME

Replace the following:

• INSTANCE_NAME: A unique name for your instance.
• DISK_NAME: The name for the new standalone disk.

Use the detached standalone disk to create an instance.

gcloud compute instances create INSTANCE_NAME \
    --zone ZONE \
    --disk name=DISK_NAME,boot=yes

Replace the following:

• INSTANCE_NAME: a unique name for your instance
• ZONE: the zone where the standalone disk is located
• DISK_NAME: the name of the standalone disk that you created from the imported boot disk image

Test the instance that you created using the modified boot disk. If you are still unable to connect to the instance, view the serial port output again to identify where the boot process is failing. Repeat the troubleshooting process until you correct the issues with the boot disk image.

Except as otherwise noted, the content of this page is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License, and code samples are licensed under the Apache 2.0 License. For details, see the Google Developers Site Policies. Java is a registered trademark of Oracle and/or its affiliates.

Last updated 2025-08-07 UTC.

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