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About Persistent Disk performance | Compute Engine Documentation

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This page discusses the many factors that determine the performance of the Persistent Disk volumes and lists the maximum performance limits for Persistent Disk.

For a discussion of Google Cloud Hyperdisk performance, see About performance for Hyperdisk. For about Google Cloud Hyperdisk performance limits, see Hyperdisk performance limits.

Before you begin, consider the following:

Persistent Disk are networked storage and generally have higher latency compared to physical disks or Local SSDs. To reach the maximum performance limits of the Persistent Disk, you must issue enough I/O requests in parallel. To check if you're using a high enough queue depth to reach your required performance levels, see I/O queue depth.
Make sure that your application is issuing enough I/O requests to saturate the disk. Disk saturation occurs when the CPU time during I/O requests issued to the device is very high.
For workloads that primarily involve small (from 4 KB to 16 KB) random I/O requests, the limiting performance factor is I/O requests per second (IOPS).
For workloads that primarily involve sequential or large (256 KB to 1 MB) random I/O requests, the limiting performance factor is throughput.

Choose a Persistent Disk type

When you create a Persistent Disk volume, you can select one of the following disk types:

Balanced Persistent Disk (pd-balanced)
- An alternative to SSD (Performance) Persistent Disk.
- Balance of performance and cost. For most Compute Engine machine types, these disks have the same maximum IOPS as SSD Persistent Disk and lower IOPS per GiB. This disk type offers performance levels suitable for most general-purpose applications at a price point between that of standard and SSD Persistent Disk.
- Backed by solid-state drives (SSD).
SSD (Performance) Persistent Disk (pd-ssd)
- Suitable for enterprise applications and high-performance databases that require lower latency and more IOPS than standard Persistent Disk provides.
- Backed by solid-state drives (SSD).
Standard Persistent Disk (pd-standard)
- Suitable for large data processing workloads that primarily use sequential I/Os.
- Backed by standard hard disk drives (HDD).
Extreme Persistent Disk (pd-extreme)
- Offers consistently high performance for both random access workloads and bulk throughput.
- Designed for high-end database workloads.
- Lets you provision the target IOPS.
- Backed by solid-state drives (SSD).
- Available with a limited number of machine types.

If you create a disk in the Google Cloud console, the default disk type is pd-balanced. If you create a disk using the gcloud CLI or the Compute Engine API, the default disk type is pd-standard.

Each storage option has unique performance limits that depend on the machine type and number of vCPUs in use.

Performance limits for Persistent Disk

Persistent Disk have limits for the maximum IOPS and throughput that they can sustain. There are throughput and IOPS limits per GiB and per instance. Balanced Persistent Disk and SSD (performance) Persistent Disk also offer baseline performance for sustained IOPS and throughput. Balanced Persistent Disk, SSD (performance) Persistent Disk, and Extreme Persistent Disk are designed for sub-millisecond latencies. Factors that affect performance include machine type, disk size, instance vCPU count, and I/O block size.

This page details the performance limits for zonal Persistent Disk and regional Persistent Disk.

Zonal Persistent Disk

This section shows IOPS and throughput limits for zonal Persistent Disk.

IOPS limits for zonal Persistent Disk

The following table shows IOPS limits for zonal Persistent Disk.

Zonal
Standard
PD Zonal
Balanced
PD Zonal
SSD PD Zonal
Extreme PD Zonal
SSD PD in
multi-writer mode Read IOPS per GiB 0.75 6 30 – 30 Write IOPS per GiB 1.5 6 30 – 30 Read IOPS per instance^* 7,500 80,000 100,000 120,000 100,000 Write IOPS per instance^* 15,000 80,000 100,000 120,000 100,000 Throughput limits for zonal Persistent Disk

The following table shows throughput limits for zonal Persistent Disk. Persistent Disk can achieve greater performance on instances with more vCPUs. For more information, read Network egress caps on write throughput.

Zonal
Standard
PD Zonal
Balanced
PD Zonal
SSD PD Zonal
Extreme PD Zonal
SSD PD in
multi-writer mode Throughput per GiB (MiBps) 0.12 0.28 0.48 — 0.48 Read throughput per instance (MiBps) 1,200 1,200 1,200 4,000^* 1,200 Write throughput per instance (MiBps) 400 1,200 1,200 3,000^* 1,200 Regional Persistent Disk

Like zonal Persistent Disk, regional Persistent Disk can achieve greater performance when you modify factors that can affect performance, like disk size and number of vCPUs.

The following tables show IOPS and throughput limits for regional Persistent Disk. These conditions apply to the stated limits:

Achieving the stated limits requires a compute instance with at least 64 vCPUs and an N2 machine type or an N1 machine type running on the Intel Skylake or newer CPU. Instances using other machine types, such as N2D, have lower performance limits.
Instances using E2 machine types have lower performance limits because E2 machine types support a maximum of 32 vCPUs.
Read IOPS per instance and read throughput per instance might be lower when the disk is in unreplicated mode.

IOPS limits for regional Persistent Disk

The following table shows IOPS limits for regional Persistent Disk.

Regional
Standard
PD Regional
Balanced
PD Regional
SSD PD Read IOPS per GiB 0.75 6 30 Write IOPS per GiB 1.5 6 30 Read IOPS per instance 7,500 80,000^* 100,000^# Write IOPS per instance 15,000 60,000^† 80,000^‡ Throughput limits for regional Persistent Disk

The following table shows the throughput limits for regional Persistent Disk.

Regional
Standard
PD Regional
Balanced
PD Regional
SSD PD Read throughput per instance (MiBps) 1,200 1,200 1,200 Write throughput per instance (MiBps) 200 600 1000^‡ Sharing disks between instances

Attaching a disk to multiple instances in read-only mode mode or in multi-writer mode does not affect aggregate performance or cost. Each machine gets a share of the per-disk performance limit. Persistent Disk created in multi-writer mode have specific IOPS and throughput limits. To learn how to share Persistent Disk between multiple instances, see Sharing Persistent Disk between instances.

Persistent Disk I/O operations share a common path with network traffic within a instance's hypervisor. Therefore, if the instance has significant network traffic, the actual read bandwidth and IOPS consistency might be less than the listed maximum limits. Some variability in the performance limits is to be expected, especially when operating near the maximum IOPS limits with an I/O size of 16 KB. For a summary of bandwidth expectations, see Bandwidth summary table.

Baseline performance

The following Persistent Disk types offer baseline IOPS and throughput performance in addition to sustained per GiB performance limits:

Balanced Persistent Disk
SSD Persistent Disk

Baseline performance is the same for all disk sizes and doesn't scale based on the number of disks of the same type that are attached to an instance. For example, if you have two zonal balanced Persistent Disk attached to an instance, they share a baseline performance of 3,000 IOPS.

To calculate the maximum expected performance of a Persistent Disk type, add the disk type's baseline performance to the per GiB performance limit for the disk type multiplied by the combined size (in GiB) of all disks of the same type that are attached to the instance:

Maximum expected performance = Baseline performance + (Per GiB performance limit * Combined disk size in GiB).

For example, the maximum IOPS of two 1000 GiB zonal balanced Persistent Disk attached to the same instance is 15,000, which is calculated as follows:

3,000 baseline performance + (6 IOPS performance limit per GiB * 2000 GiB combined disk size) = 15,000 IOPS

Note: The maximum expected performance can never exceed the per instance performance limit that is listed in the performance limits table.

The following table shows the baseline performance for balanced and SSD Persistent Disk.

Zonal Persistent Disk

The following table shows the baseline sustained IOPS and throughput for zonal Persistent Disk:

Zonal
balanced
PD Zonal
SSD PD Baseline IOPS per instance 3,000 6,000 Baseline Throughput (MiBps) per instance 140 240 Regional Persistent Disk

Regional Persistent Disk are supported on only E2, N1, N2, and N2D instances. The following table shows the baseline sustained IOPS and throughput for regional Persistent Disk:

Regional
balanced
PD Regional
SSD PD Baseline IOPS per instance 3,000 6,000 Baseline Throughput (MiBps) per instance 140 240 Configure your Persistent Disk and instances

Persistent Disk performance scales with the size of the disk and with the number of vCPUs on your instance.

Performance scales until it reaches either the limits of the disk or the limits of the instance to which the disk is attached. The machine type and the number of vCPUs on the instance determine the per-instance limits.

The following tables show performance limits for zonal Persistent Disk.

Performance by machine type and vCPU count for zonal Persistent Disk

The following tables show how zonal Persistent Disk performance varies according to the machine type and number of vCPUs on the instance to which the disk is attached.

A2 Ultra instances pd-balanced Machine type Maximum write IOPS Maximum read IOPS Maximum write throughput (MiBps) Maximum read throughput (MiBps) a2-ultragpu-1g 15,000 15,000 800 800 a2-ultragpu-2g 20,000 20,000 1,200 1,200 a2-ultragpu-4g 50,000 50,000 1,200 1,200 a2-ultragpu-8g 80,000 80,000 1,200 1,200 pd-ssd Machine type Maximum write IOPS Maximum read IOPS Maximum write throughput (MiBps) Maximum read throughput (MiBps) a2-ultragpu-1g 15,000 15,000 800 800 a2-ultragpu-2g 25,000 25,000 1,200 1,200 a2-ultragpu-4g 60,000 60,000 1,200 1,200 a2-ultragpu-8g 100,000 100,000 1,200 1,200 pd-standard Machine type Maximum write IOPS Maximum read IOPS Maximum write throughput (MiBps) Maximum read throughput (MiBps) a2-ultragpu-1g 15,000 5,000 400 800 a2-ultragpu-2g 15,000 7,500 400 1,200 a2-ultragpu-4g 15,000 7,500 400 1,200 a2-ultragpu-8g 15,000 7,500 400 1,200 A2 Standard instances pd-balanced Machine type Maximum write IOPS Maximum read IOPS Maximum write throughput (MiBps) Maximum read throughput (MiBps) a2-highgpu-1g 15,000 15,000 800 800 a2-highgpu-2g 20,000 20,000 1,200 1,200 a2-highgpu-4g 50,000 50,000 1,200 1,200 a2-highgpu-8g 80,000 80,000 1,200 1,200 a2-megagpu-16g 80,000 80,000 1,200 1,200 pd-ssd Machine type Maximum write IOPS Maximum read IOPS Maximum write throughput (MiBps) Maximum read throughput (MiBps) a2-highgpu-1g 15,000 15,000 800 800 a2-highgpu-2g 25,000 25,000 1,200 1,200 a2-highgpu-4g 60,000 60,000 1,200 1,200 a2-highgpu-8g 100,000 100,000 1,200 1,200 a2-megagpu-16g 100,000 100,000 1,200 1,200 pd-standard Machine type Maximum write IOPS Maximum read IOPS Maximum write throughput (MiBps) Maximum read throughput (MiBps) a2-highgpu-1g 15,000 5,000 400 800 a2-highgpu-2g 15,000 7,500 400 1,200 a2-highgpu-4g 15,000 7,500 400 1,200 a2-highgpu-8g 15,000 7,500 400 1,200 a2-megagpu-16g 15,000 7,500 400 1,200 A3 Mega instances pd-balanced Machine type Maximum write IOPS Maximum read IOPS Maximum write throughput (MB/s) Maximum read throughput (MB/s) a3-megagpu-8g 80,000 80,000 1,200 1,200 pd-ssd Machine type Maximum write IOPS Maximum read IOPS Maximum write throughput (MB/s) Maximum read throughput (MB/s) a3-megagpu-8g 80,000 80,000 1,200 1,200 A3 High instances Note: These machine types use the NVMe disk interface for Persistent Disk. pd-balanced Machine type Maximum write IOPS Maximum read IOPS Maximum write throughput (MB/s) Maximum read throughput (MB/s) a3-highgpu-1g 15,000 15,000 1,200 1,200 a3-highgpu-2g 30,000 30,000 1,200 1,200 a3-highgpu-4g 60,000 60,000 1,200 1,200 a3-highgpu-8g 80,000 80,000 1,200 1,200 pd-ssd Machine type Maximum write IOPS Maximum read IOPS Maximum write throughput (MB/s) Maximum read throughput (MB/s) a3-highgpu-1g 15,000 15,000 1,200 1,200 a3-highgpu-2g 30,000 30,000 1,200 1,200 a3-highgpu-4g 60,000 60,000 1,200 1,200 a3-highgpu-8g 80,000 80,000 1,200 1,200 A3 Edge instances Note: These machine types use the NVMe disk interface for Persistent Disk. pd-balanced Machine type Maximum write IOPS Maximum read IOPS Maximum write throughput (MB/s) Maximum read throughput (MB/s) a3-edgegpu-8g 80,000 80,000 1,200 1,200 pd-ssd Machine type Maximum write IOPS Maximum read IOPS Maximum write throughput (MB/s) Maximum read throughput (MB/s) a3-edgegpu-8g 80,000 80,000 1,200 1,200 C2 instances pd-balanced Number of vCPUs Maximum write IOPS Maximum read IOPS Maximum write throughput (MiBps) Maximum read throughput (MiBps) 4 4,000 4,000 240 240 8 4,000 4,000 240 240 16 4,000 8,000 480 600 30 8,000 15,000 480 600 60 15,000 15,000 800 1,200 pd-ssd Number of vCPUs Maximum write IOPS Maximum read IOPS Maximum write throughput (MiBps) Maximum read throughput (MiBps) 4 4,000 4,000 240 240 8 4,000 4,000 240 240 16 4,000 8,000 480 600 30 8,000 15,000 480 600 60 15,000 30,000 800 1,200 pd-standard Number of vCPUs Maximum write IOPS Maximum read IOPS Maximum write throughput (MiBps) Maximum read throughput (MiBps) 4 4,000 3,000 240 240 8 4,000 3,000 240 240 16 4,000 3,000 240 240 30 8,000 3,000 240 240 60 15,000 3,000 240 240 C2D Instances pd-balanced Number of vCPUs Maximum write IOPS Maximum read IOPS Maximum write throughput (MiBps) Maximum read throughput (MiBps) 2 4,590 4,080 245 245 4 4,590 4,080 245 245 8 4,590 4,080 245 245 16 4,590 8,160 245 326 32 8,160 15,300 245 612 56 8,160 15,300 245 612 112 15,300 30,600 408 1,224 pd-ssd Number of vCPUs Maximum write IOPS Maximum read IOPS Maximum write throughput (MiBps) Maximum read throughput (MiBps) 2 4,590 4,080 245 245 4 4,590 4,080 245 245 8 4,590 4,080 245 245 16 4,590 8,160 245 326 32 8,160 15,300 245 612 56 8,160 15,300 245 612 112 15,300 30,600 408 1,224 pd-standard Number of vCPUs Maximum write IOPS Maximum read IOPS Maximum write throughput (MiBps) Maximum read throughput (MiBps) 2 4,590 3,060 245 245 4 4,590 3,060 245 245 8 4,590 3,060 245 245 16 4,590 3,060 245 245 32 8,160 3,060 245 245 56 8,160 3,060 245 245 112 15,300 3,060 245 245 C3D Instances Note: These machine types use the NVMe disk interface for Persistent Disk. pd-balanced Number of vCPUs Maximum write IOPS Maximum read IOPS Maximum write throughput (MiBps) Maximum read throughput (MiBps) 4 15,000 15,000 240 240 8 25,000 25,000 800 800 16 25,000 25,000 1,200 1,200 30 50,000 50,000 1,200 1,200 60 80,000 80,000 1,200 1,200 90 80,000 80,000 1,200 1,200 180 80,000 80,000 1,200 1,200 360 80,000 80,000 1,200 1,200 pd-ssd Number of vCPUs Maximum write IOPS Maximum read IOPS Maximum write throughput (MiBps) Maximum read throughput (MiBps) 4 15,000 15,000 240 240 8 15,000 15,000 800 800 16 25,000 25,000 1,200 1,200 30 60,000 60,000 1,200 1,200 60 80,000 80,000 1,200 1,200 90 80,000 80,000 1,200 1,200 180 80,000 80,000 1,200 1,200 360 80,000 80,000 1,200 1,200 C3 Instances Note: These machine types use the NVMe disk interface for Persistent Disk. pd-balanced Number of vCPUs Maximum write IOPS Maximum read IOPS Maximum write throughput (MiBps) Maximum read throughput (MiBps) 4 15,000 15,000 240 240 8 15,000 15,000 240 240 22 20,000 20,000 800 800 44 50,000 50,000 1,200 1,200 88 80,000 80,000 1,200 1,200 176 80,000 80,000 1,200 1,200 pd-ssd Number of vCPUs Maximum write IOPS Maximum read IOPS Maximum write throughput (MiBps) Maximum read throughput (MiBps) 4 15,000 15,000 240 240 8 15,000 15,000 240 240 22 25,000 25,000 800 800 44 60,000 60,000 1,200 1,200 88 80,000 80,000 1,200 1,200 176 80,000 80,000 1,200 1,200 E2 Instances pd-balanced Number of vCPUs Maximum write IOPS Maximum read IOPS Maximum write throughput (MiBps) Maximum read throughput (MiBps) e2-medium^* 10,000 12,000 200 200 2-7 15,000 15,000 240 240 8-15 15,000 15,000 800 800 16-31 20,000 20,000 1,000 1,200 32 or more 50,000 50,000 1,000 1,200 pd-ssd Number of vCPUs Maximum write IOPS Maximum read IOPS Maximum write throughput (MiBps) Maximum read throughput (MiBps) e2-medium^* 10,000 12,000 200 200 2-7 15,000 15,000 240 240 8-15 15,000 15,000 800 800 16-31 25,000 25,000 1,000 1,200 32 or more 60,000 60,000 1,000 1,200 pd-standard Number of vCPUs Maximum write IOPS Maximum read IOPS Maximum write throughput (MiBps) Maximum read throughput (MiBps) e2-medium^* 10,000 1,000 200 200 2-7 15,000 3,000 240 240 8-15 15,000 5,000 400 800 16 or more 15,000 7,500 400 1,200 G2 Instances Note: These machine types use the NVMe disk interface for Persistent Disk. pd-balanced Machine type Maximum write IOPS Maximum read IOPS Maximum write throughput (MiBps) Maximum read throughput (MiBps) g2-standard-4 15,000 15,000 240 240 g2-standard-8 15,000 15,000 800 800 g2-standard-12 15,000 15,000 800 800 g2-standard-16 20,000 20,000 1,200 1,200 g2-standard-24 20,000 20,000 1,200 1,200 g2-standard-32 50,000 50,000 1,200 1,200 g2-standard-48 50,000 50,000 1,200 1,200 g2-standard-96 80,000 80,000 1,200 1,200 pd-ssd Machine type Maximum write IOPS Maximum read IOPS Maximum write throughput (MiBps) Maximum read throughput (MiBps) g2-standard-4 15,000 15,000 240 240 g2-standard-8 15,000 15,000 800 800 g2-standard-12 15,000 15,000 800 800 g2-standard-16 25,000 25,000 1,200 1,200 g2-standard-24 25,000 25,000 1,200 1,200 g2-standard-32 60,000 60,000 1,200 1,200 g2-standard-48 60,000 60,000 1,200 1,200 g2-standard-96 100,000 100,000 1,200 1,200 H3 Instances Note: These machine types use the NVMe disk interface for Persistent Disk. pd-balanced Number of vCPUs Maximum write IOPS Maximum read IOPS Maximum write throughput (MiBps) Maximum read throughput (MiBps) 88 15,000 15,000 240 240 N1 Instances pd-balanced Number of vCPUs Maximum write IOPS Maximum read IOPS Maximum write throughput (MiBps) Maximum read throughput (MiBps) 1 15,000 15,000 204 240 2-7 15,000 15,000 240 240 8-15 15,000 15,000 800 800 16-31 20,000 20,000 1,200 1,200 32-63 50,000 50,000 1,200 1,200 64 or more 80,000 80,000 1,200 1,200 pd-ssd Number of vCPUs Maximum write IOPS Maximum read IOPS Maximum write throughput (MiBps) Maximum read throughput (MiBps) 1 15,000 15,000 204 240 2-7 15,000 15,000 240 240 8-15 15,000 15,000 800 800 16-31 25,000 25,000 1,200 1,200 32-63 60,000 60,000 1,200 1,200 64 or more 100,000 100,000 1,200 1,200 pd-standard Number of vCPUs Maximum write IOPS Maximum read IOPS Maximum write throughput (MiBps) Maximum read throughput (MiBps) 1 15,000 Up to 3,000 204 240 2-7 15,000 3,000 240 240 8-15 15,000 5,000 400 800 16 or more 15,000 7,500 400 1,200 N2 Instances pd-balanced Number of vCPUs Maximum write IOPS Maximum read IOPS Maximum write throughput (MiBps) Maximum read throughput (MiBps) 2-7 15,000 15,000 240 240 8-15 15,000 15,000 800 800 16-31 20,000 20,000 1,200 1,200 32-63 50,000 50,000 1,200 1,200 64 or more 80,000 80,000 1,200 1,200 pd-ssd Number of vCPUs Maximum write IOPS Maximum read IOPS Maximum write throughput (MiBps) Maximum read throughput (MiBps) 2-7 15,000 15,000 240 240 8-15 15,000 15,000 800 800 16-31 25,000 25,000 1,200 1,200 32-63 60,000 60,000 1,200 1,200 64 or more 100,000 100,000 1,200 1,200 pd-standard Number of vCPUs Maximum write IOPS Maximum read IOPS Maximum write throughput (MiBps) Maximum read throughput (MiBps) 2-7 15,000 3,000 240 240 8-15 15,000 5,000 400 800 16 or more 15,000 7,500 400 1,200 pd-extreme Machine type Maximum write IOPS Maximum read IOPS Maximum write throughput (MiBps) Maximum read throughput (MiBps) n2-standard-64 120,000 120,000 3,000 4,000 n2-standard-80 120,000 120,000 3,000 4,000 n2-standard-96 120,000 120,000 3,000 4,000 n2-standard-128 120,000 120,000 3,000 4,000 n2-highmem-64 120,000 120,000 3,000 4,000 n2-highmem-80 120,000 120,000 3,000 4,000 n2-highmem-96 120,000 120,000 3,000 4,000 n2-highmem-128 120,000 120,000 3,000 4,000 n2-highcpu-64 120,000 120,000 3,000 4,000 n2-highcpu-80 120,000 120,000 3,000 4,000 n2-highcpu-96 120,000 120,000 3,000 4,000

N2 Instances with 96 or more vCPUs require the Intel Ice Lake CPU platform.

N2D Instances pd-balanced Number of vCPUs Maximum write IOPS Maximum read IOPS Maximum write throughput (MiBps) Maximum read throughput (MiBps) 2-7 15,000 15,000 240 240 8-15 15,000 15,000 800 800 16-31 20,000 20,000 1,200 1,200 32-63 50,000 50,000 1,200 1,200 64 or more Up to 80,000 Up to 80,000 1,200 1,200 pd-ssd Number of vCPUs Maximum write IOPS Maximum read IOPS Maximum write throughput (MiBps) Maximum read throughput (MiBps) 2-7 15,000 15,000 240 240 8-15 15,000 15,000 800 800 16-31 25,000 25,000 1,200 1,200 32-63 60,000 60,000 1,200 1,200 64 or more Up to 100,000 Up to 100,000 1,200 1,200 pd-standard Number of vCPUs Maximum write IOPS Maximum read IOPS Maximum write throughput (MiBps) Maximum read throughput (MiBps) 2-7 15,000 3,000 240 240 8-15 15,000 5,000 400 800 16 or more 15,000 7,500 400 1,200 M1 Instances pd-balanced Machine type Maximum write IOPS Maximum read IOPS Maximum write throughput (MiBps) Maximum read throughput (MiBps) m1-megamem-96 80,000 80,000 1,200 1,200 m1-ultramem-40 60,000 60,000 1,200 1,200 m1-ultramem-80 70,000 70,000 1,200 1,200 m1-ultramem-160 70,000 70,000 1,200 1,200 pd-ssd Machine type Maximum write IOPS Maximum read IOPS Maximum write throughput (MiBps) Maximum read throughput (MiBps) m1-megamem-96 100,000 100,000 1,200 1,200 m1-ultramem-40 60,000 60,000 1,200 1,200 m1-ultramem-80 70,000 70,000 1,200 1,200 m1-ultramem-160 70,000 70,000 1,200 1,200 pd-standard Machine type Maximum write IOPS Maximum read IOPS Maximum write throughput (MiBps) Maximum read throughput (MiBps) m1-megamem-96 15,000 7,500 400 1,200 m1-ultramem-40 15,000 7,500 400 1,200 m1-ultramem-80 15,000 7,500 400 1,200 m1-ultramem-160 15,000 7,500 400 1,200 pd-extreme Machine type Maximum write IOPS Maximum read IOPS Maximum write throughput (MiBps) Maximum read throughput (MiBps) m1-megamem-96 90,000 90,000 2,200 2,200 M2 Instances pd-balanced Machine type Maximum write IOPS Maximum read IOPS Maximum write throughput (MiBps) Maximum read throughput (MiBps) m2-megamem-416 40,000 40,000 1,200 1,200 m2-ultramem-208 40,000 40,000 1,200 1,200 m2-ultramem-416 40,000 40,000 1,200 1,200 m2-hypermem-416 40,000 40,000 1,200 1,200 pd-ssd Machine type Maximum write IOPS Maximum read IOPS Maximum write throughput (MiBps) Maximum read throughput (MiBps) m2-megamem-416 40,000 40,000 1,200 1,200 m2-ultramem-208 40,000 40,000 1,200 1,200 m2-ultramem-416 40,000 40,000 1,200 1,200 m2-hypermem-416 40,000 40,000 1,200 1,200 pd-standard Machine type Maximum write IOPS Maximum read IOPS Maximum write throughput (MiBps) Maximum read throughput (MiBps) m2-megamem-416 15,000 7,500 400 1,200 m2-ultramem-208 15,000 7,500 400 1,200 m2-ultramem-416 15,000 7,500 400 1,200 m2-hypermem-416 15,000 7,500 400 1,200 pd-extreme Machine type Maximum write IOPS Maximum read IOPS Maximum write throughput (MiBps) Maximum read throughput (MiBps) m2-megamem-416 40,000 40,000 1,200 2,200 m2-ultramem-208 40,000 40,000 1,200 2,200 m2-ultramem-416 40,000 40,000 1,200 2,200 m2-hypermem-416 40,000 40,000 1,200 2,200 M3 Instances Note: These machine types use the NVMe disk interface for Persistent Disk. pd-balanced Machine type Maximum write IOPS Maximum read IOPS Maximum write throughput (MiBps) Maximum read throughput (MiBps) m3-megamem-64 40,000 40,000 1,200 1,200 m3-megamem-128 80,000 80,000 1,200 1,200 m3-ultramem-32 40,000 40,000 1,200 1,200 m3-ultramem-64 40,000 40,000 1,200 1,200 m3-ultramem-128 80,000 80,000 1,200 1,200 pd-ssd Machine type Maximum write IOPS Maximum read IOPS Maximum write throughput (MiBps) Maximum read throughput (MiBps) m3-megamem-64 40,000 40,000 1,200 1,200 m3-megamem-128 80,000 80,000 1,200 1,200 m3-ultramem-32 40,000 40,000 1,200 1,200 m3-ultramem-64 40,000 40,000 1,200 1,200 m3-ultramem-128 80,000 80,000 1,200 1,200 pd-extreme Machine type Maximum write IOPS Maximum read IOPS Maximum write throughput (MiBps) Maximum read throughput (MiBps) m3-megamem-64 40,000 40,000 1,200 2,200 m3-megamem-128 80,000 80,000 1,700 2,200 m3-ultramem-32 40,000 40,000 1,200 2,200 m3-ultramem-64 40,000 40,000 1,200 2,200 m3-ultramem-128 80,000 80,000 1,700 2,200 T2D Instances pd-balanced Number of vCPUs Maximum write IOPS Maximum read IOPS Maximum write throughput (MiBps) Maximum read throughput (MiBps) 1 15,000 15,000 204 240 2-7 15,000 15,000 240 240 8-15 15,000 15,000 800 800 16-31 20,000 20,000 1,200 1,200 32-60 50,000 50,000 1,200 1,200 pd-ssd Number of vCPUs Maximum write IOPS Maximum read IOPS Maximum write throughput (MiBps) Maximum read throughput (MiBps) 1 15,000 15,000 204 240 2-7 15,000 15,000 240 240 8-15 15,000 15,000 800 800 16-31 25,000 25,000 1,200 1,200 32-60 60,000 60,000 1,200 1,200 pd-standard Number of vCPUs Maximum write IOPS Maximum read IOPS Maximum write throughput (MiBps) Maximum read throughput (MiBps) 1 15,000 3,000 204 240 2-7 15,000 3,000 240 240 8-15 15,000 5,000 400 800 16 or more 15,000 7,500 400 1,200 T2A Instances Note: These machine types use the NVMe disk interface for Persistent Disk. pd-balanced Number of vCPUs Maximum write IOPS Maximum read IOPS Maximum write throughput (MiBps) Maximum read throughput (MiBps) 1 20,000 20,000 204 240 2-7 20,000 20,000 240 240 8-15 25,000 25,000 800 800 16-31 25,000 25,000 1,200 1,200 32-47 60,000 60,000 1,200 1,200 48 80,000 80,000 1,800 1,800 pd-ssd Number of vCPUs Maximum write IOPS Maximum read IOPS Maximum write throughput (MiBps) Maximum read throughput (MiBps) 1 20,000 20,000 204 240 2-7 20,000 20,000 240 240 8-15 25,000 25,000 800 800 16-31 25,000 25,000 1,200 1,200 32-47 60,000 60,000 1,200 1,200 48 80,000 80,000 1,800 1,800 pd-standard Number of vCPUs Maximum write IOPS Maximum read IOPS Maximum write throughput (MiBps) Maximum read throughput (MiBps) 1 15,000 1,000 204 240 2-3 15,000 2,400 240 240 4-7 15,000 3,000 240 240 8-15 15,000 5,000 400 800 16 or more 15,000 7,500 400 1,200 Z3 Instances Note: These machine types use the NVMe disk interface for Persistent Disk. pd-balanced Number of vCPUs Maximum write IOPS Maximum read IOPS Maximum write throughput (MiBps) Maximum read throughput (MiBps) 14 to 22 20,000 20,000 800 800 44 50,000 50,000 800 800 88 80,000 80,000 1,200 1,200 176 80,000 80,000 1,200 1,200 pd-ssd Number of vCPUs Maximum write IOPS Maximum read IOPS Maximum write throughput (MiBps) Maximum read throughput (MiBps) 14 to 22 25,000 25,000 800 800 44 60,000 60,000 800 800 88 100,000 100,000 1,200 1,200 176 100,000 100,000 1,200 1,200 Example

Consider a 1,000 GiB zonal SSD Persistent Disk attached to an N2 instance with 4 vCPUs. The read limit based solely on the size of the disk is 36,000 IOPS (6,000 baseline IOPs + (30 IOPS per GiB * 1,000 GiB)). However, the instance has only 4 vCPUs so the read limit is restricted to 15,000 IOPS.

Review performance

You can review Persistent Disk performance metrics in Cloud Monitoring, Google Cloud's integrated monitoring solution.

To learn more, see Reviewing Persistent Disk performance metrics.

Optimize disk performance

To increase disk performance, start with the following steps:

Resize your Persistent Disk to increase the per-disk IOPS and throughput limits. Persistent Disk don't have any reserved, unusable capacity, so you can use the full disk without performance degradation. However, certain file systems and applications might perform worse as the disk becomes full, so you might need to consider increasing the size of your disk to avoid such situations.
Change the machine type and number of vCPUs on the instance to increase the per-instance IOPS and throughput limits.

After choosing the right disk size and machine type for your instance to resolve any performance bottlenecks, your application and OS might need additional tuning. For more information, see Optimizing Persistent Disk performance and Optimizing Local SSD performance.

What's next

Benchmark your Local SSDs and Persistent Disk that are attached to Linux instances.
Optimize your Persistent Disk and Local SSD performance.
Learn about Persistent Disk and Local SSD pricing.
Learn how to review your project log entries using the Logs Explorer.

Except as otherwise noted, the content of this page is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License, and code samples are licensed under the Apache 2.0 License. For details, see the Google Developers Site Policies. Java is a registered trademark of Oracle and/or its affiliates.

Last updated 2025-07-08 UTC.

[[["Easy to understand","easyToUnderstand","thumb-up"],["Solved my problem","solvedMyProblem","thumb-up"],["Other","otherUp","thumb-up"]],[["Hard to understand","hardToUnderstand","thumb-down"],["Incorrect information or sample code","incorrectInformationOrSampleCode","thumb-down"],["Missing the information/samples I need","missingTheInformationSamplesINeed","thumb-down"],["Other","otherDown","thumb-down"]],["Last updated 2025-07-08 UTC."],[[["Persistent Disk performance is influenced by factors such as machine type, disk size, VM vCPU count, and I/O block size, and has limits on IOPS and throughput per GiB and per VM."],["There are several block storage options available for VMs, including Balanced Persistent Disk, Performance (SSD) Persistent Disk, Standard Persistent Disk, and Extreme Persistent Disk, each with unique performance and cost characteristics."],["Persistent Disk performance scales with disk size and VM vCPU count, and reaching maximum performance requires issuing enough I/O requests in parallel, as well as ensuring that the application is issuing enough I/O requests to saturate the disk."],["Balanced and SSD Persistent Disks offer baseline IOPS and throughput performance that doesn't scale with the number of disks, but adds to the per GiB performance limit when calculating maximum expected performance."],["Regional and zonal Persistent Disk types have different performance limits with the requirements to use VMs with a minimum of 64 vCPUs to achieve stated maximum performance limits."]]],[]]

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