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Looking Beyond the Surface: A Challenge Set for Reading Comprehension over Multiple Sentences

AbstractWe present a reading comprehension challenge in which questions can only be answered by taking into account information from multiple sentences. We solicit and verify questions and answers for this challenge through a 4-step crowdsourcing experiment. Our challenge dataset contains 6,500+ questions for 1000+ paragraphs across 7 different domains (elementary school science, news, travel guides, fiction stories, etc) bringing in linguistic diversity to the texts and to the questions wordings. On a subset of our dataset, we found human solvers to achieve an F1-score of 88.1%. We analyze a range of baselines, including a recent state-of-art reading comprehension system, and demonstrate the difficulty of this challenge, despite a high human performance. The dataset is the first to study multi-sentence inference at scale, with an open-ended set of question types that requires reasoning skills.

Anthology ID:
N18-1023
Volume:
Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)
Month:
June
Year:
2018
Address:
New Orleans, Louisiana
Editors:
Marilyn Walker, Heng Ji, Amanda Stent
Venue:
NAACL
SIG:
Publisher:
Association for Computational Linguistics
Note:
Pages:
252–262
Language:
URL:
https://aclanthology.org/N18-1023/
DOI:
10.18653/v1/N18-1023
Bibkey:
Cite (ACL):
Daniel Khashabi, Snigdha Chaturvedi, Michael Roth, Shyam Upadhyay, and Dan Roth. 2018. Looking Beyond the Surface: A Challenge Set for Reading Comprehension over Multiple Sentences. In Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers), pages 252–262, New Orleans, Louisiana. Association for Computational Linguistics.
Cite (Informal):
Looking Beyond the Surface: A Challenge Set for Reading Comprehension over Multiple Sentences (Khashabi et al., NAACL 2018)
Copy Citation:
PDF:
https://aclanthology.org/N18-1023.pdf
Note:
 N18-1023.Notes.pdf
Data
MultiRC, CMU Movie Summary Corpus, MS MARCO, RACE 
@inproceedings{khashabi-etal-2018-looking,
    title = "Looking Beyond the Surface: A Challenge Set for Reading Comprehension over Multiple Sentences",
    author = "Khashabi, Daniel  and
      Chaturvedi, Snigdha  and
      Roth, Michael  and
      Upadhyay, Shyam  and
      Roth, Dan",
    editor = "Walker, Marilyn  and
      Ji, Heng  and
      Stent, Amanda",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2018",
    address = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://aclanthology.org/N18-1023/",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N18-1023",
    pages = "252--262",
    abstract = "We present a reading comprehension challenge in which questions can only be answered by taking into account information from multiple sentences. We solicit and verify questions and answers for this challenge through a 4-step crowdsourcing experiment. Our challenge dataset contains 6,500+ questions for 1000+ paragraphs across 7 different domains (elementary school science, news, travel guides, fiction stories, etc) bringing in linguistic diversity to the texts and to the questions wordings. On a subset of our dataset, we found human solvers to achieve an F1-score of 88.1{\%}. We analyze a range of baselines, including a recent state-of-art reading comprehension system, and demonstrate the difficulty of this challenge, despite a high human performance. The dataset is the first to study multi-sentence inference at scale, with an open-ended set of question types that requires reasoning skills."
}
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    <abstract>We present a reading comprehension challenge in which questions can only be answered by taking into account information from multiple sentences. We solicit and verify questions and answers for this challenge through a 4-step crowdsourcing experiment. Our challenge dataset contains 6,500+ questions for 1000+ paragraphs across 7 different domains (elementary school science, news, travel guides, fiction stories, etc) bringing in linguistic diversity to the texts and to the questions wordings. On a subset of our dataset, we found human solvers to achieve an F1-score of 88.1%. We analyze a range of baselines, including a recent state-of-art reading comprehension system, and demonstrate the difficulty of this challenge, despite a high human performance. The dataset is the first to study multi-sentence inference at scale, with an open-ended set of question types that requires reasoning skills.</abstract>
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%0 Conference Proceedings
%T Looking Beyond the Surface: A Challenge Set for Reading Comprehension over Multiple Sentences
%A Khashabi, Daniel
%A Chaturvedi, Snigdha
%A Roth, Michael
%A Upadhyay, Shyam
%A Roth, Dan
%Y Walker, Marilyn
%Y Ji, Heng
%Y Stent, Amanda
%S Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)
%D 2018
%8 June
%I Association for Computational Linguistics
%C New Orleans, Louisiana
%F khashabi-etal-2018-looking
%X We present a reading comprehension challenge in which questions can only be answered by taking into account information from multiple sentences. We solicit and verify questions and answers for this challenge through a 4-step crowdsourcing experiment. Our challenge dataset contains 6,500+ questions for 1000+ paragraphs across 7 different domains (elementary school science, news, travel guides, fiction stories, etc) bringing in linguistic diversity to the texts and to the questions wordings. On a subset of our dataset, we found human solvers to achieve an F1-score of 88.1%. We analyze a range of baselines, including a recent state-of-art reading comprehension system, and demonstrate the difficulty of this challenge, despite a high human performance. The dataset is the first to study multi-sentence inference at scale, with an open-ended set of question types that requires reasoning skills.
%R 10.18653/v1/N18-1023
%U https://aclanthology.org/N18-1023/
%U https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/N18-1023
%P 252-262
Markdown (Informal)

[Looking Beyond the Surface: A Challenge Set for Reading Comprehension over Multiple Sentences](https://aclanthology.org/N18-1023/) (Khashabi et al., NAACL 2018)

ACL

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