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JavaScript Strings

Strings are for storing text

Strings are written with quotes

A JavaScript string is zero or more characters written inside quotes.

You can use single or double quotes:

let carName1 = "Volvo XC60";  // Double quotes
let carName2 = 'Volvo XC60';  // Single quotes

Strings created with single or double quotes work the same.

There is no difference between the two.

You can use quotes inside a string, as long as they don't match the quotes surrounding the string:

let answer1 = "It's alright";
let answer2 = "He is called 'Johnny'";
let answer3 = 'He is called "Johnny"';

Templates were introduced with ES6 (JavaScript 2016).

Templates are strings enclosed in backticks (`This is a template string`).

Templates allow single and double quotes inside a string:

To find the length of a string, use the built-in length property:

let text = "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ";
let length = text.length;

Because strings must be written within quotes, JavaScript will misunderstand this string:

let text = "We are the so-called "Vikings" from the north.";

The string will be chopped to "We are the so-called ".

To solve this problem, you can use an backslash escape character.

The backslash escape character (\) turns special characters into string characters:

\" inserts a double quote in a string:

let text = "We are the so-called \"Vikings\" from the north.";

\' inserts a single quote in a string:

let text= 'It\'s alright.';

\\ inserts a backslash in a string:

let text = "The character \\ is called backslash.";

Six other escape sequences are valid in JavaScript:

The 6 escape characters above were originally designed to control typewriters, teletypes, and fax machines. They do not make any sense in HTML.

For readability, programmers often like to avoid long code lines.

A safe way to break up a statement is after an operator:

document.getElementById("demo").innerHTML =
"Hello Dolly!";

A safe way to break up a string is by using string addition:

document.getElementById("demo").innerHTML = "Hello " +
"Dolly!";

Templates were introduced with ES6 (JavaScript 2016).

Templates are strings enclosed in backticks (`This is a template string`).

Templates allow multiline strings:

Normally, JavaScript strings are primitive values, created from literals:

But strings can also be defined as objects with the keyword new:

let y = new String("John");

Do not create String objects.

The new keyword complicates the code and slows down execution speed.

String objects can produce unexpected results:

When using the == operator, x and y are equal:

let x = "John";
let y = new String("John");

When using the === operator, x and y are not equal:

let x = "John";
let y = new String("John");

Note the difference between (x==y) and (x===y).

(x == y) true or false?

let x = new String("John");
let y = new String("John");

(x === y) true or false?

let x = new String("John");
let y = new String("John");

Comparing two JavaScript objects always returns false.

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