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9.18. Aggregate FunctionsAggregate functions compute a single result from a set of input values. The built-in aggregate functions are listed in Table 9-43 and Table 9-44. The special syntax considerations for aggregate functions are explained in Section 4.2.7. Consult Section 2.7 for additional introductory information.
Table 9-43. General-Purpose Aggregate Functions
Function Argument Type(s) Return Type Descriptionarray_agg(expression) any array of the argument type input values, including nulls, concatenated into an array avg(expression) smallint, int, bigint, real, double precision, numeric, or interval numeric for any integer-type argument, double precision for a floating-point argument, otherwise the same as the argument data type the average (arithmetic mean) of all input values bit_and(expression) smallint, int, bigint, or bit same as argument data type the bitwise AND of all non-null input values, or null if none bit_or(expression) smallint, int, bigint, or bit same as argument data type the bitwise OR of all non-null input values, or null if none bool_and(expression) bool bool true if all input values are true, otherwise false bool_or(expression) bool bool true if at least one input value is true, otherwise false count(*) bigint number of input rows count(expression) any bigint number of input rows for which the value of expression is not null every(expression) bool bool equivalent to bool_and max(expression) any array, numeric, string, or date/time type same as argument type maximum value of expression across all input values min(expression) any array, numeric, string, or date/time type same as argument type minimum value of expression across all input values string_agg(expression, delimiter) text, text text input values concatenated into a string, separated by delimiter sum(expression) smallint, int, bigint, real, double precision, numeric, interval, or money bigint for smallint or int arguments, numeric for bigint arguments, otherwise the same as the argument data type sum of expression across all input values xmlagg(expression) xml xml concatenation of XML values (see also Section 9.14.1.7)
It should be noted that except for count, these functions return a null value when no rows are selected. In particular, sum of no rows returns null, not zero as one might expect, and array_agg returns null rather than an empty array when there are no input rows. The coalesce function can be used to substitute zero or an empty array for null when necessary.
Note: Boolean aggregates
bool_andandbool_orcorrespond to standard SQL aggregateseveryandanyorsome. As foranyandsome, it seems that there is an ambiguity built into the standard syntax:SELECT b1 = ANY((SELECT b2 FROM t2 ...)) FROM t1 ...;Here
ANYcan be considered either as introducing a subquery, or as being an aggregate function, if the subquery returns one row with a Boolean value. Thus the standard name cannot be given to these aggregates.
Note: Users accustomed to working with other SQL database management systems might be disappointed by the performance of the
countaggregate when it is applied to the entire table. A query like:SELECT count(*) FROM sometable;will be executed by PostgreSQL using a sequential scan of the entire table.
The aggregate functions array_agg, string_agg, and xmlagg, as well as similar user-defined aggregate functions, produce meaningfully different result values depending on the order of the input values. This ordering is unspecified by default, but can be controlled by writing an ORDER BY clause within the aggregate call, as shown in Section 4.2.7. Alternatively, supplying the input values from a sorted subquery will usually work. For example:
SELECT xmlagg(x) FROM (SELECT x FROM test ORDER BY y DESC) AS tab;
But this syntax is not allowed in the SQL standard, and is not portable to other database systems.
Table 9-44 shows aggregate functions typically used in statistical analysis. (These are separated out merely to avoid cluttering the listing of more-commonly-used aggregates.) Where the description mentions N, it means the number of input rows for which all the input expressions are non-null. In all cases, null is returned if the computation is meaningless, for example when N is zero.
Table 9-44. Aggregate Functions for Statistics
Function Argument Type Return Type Descriptioncorr(Y, X) double precision double precision correlation coefficient covar_pop(Y, X) double precision double precision population covariance covar_samp(Y, X) double precision double precision sample covariance regr_avgx(Y, X) double precision double precision average of the independent variable (sum(X)/N) regr_avgy(Y, X) double precision double precision average of the dependent variable (sum(Y)/N) regr_count(Y, X) double precision bigint number of input rows in which both expressions are nonnull regr_intercept(Y, X) double precision double precision y-intercept of the least-squares-fit linear equation determined by the (X, Y) pairs regr_r2(Y, X) double precision double precision square of the correlation coefficient regr_slope(Y, X) double precision double precision slope of the least-squares-fit linear equation determined by the (X, Y) pairs regr_sxx(Y, X) double precision double precision sum(X^2) - sum(X)^2/N ("sum of squares" of the independent variable) regr_sxy(Y, X) double precision double precision sum(X*Y) - sum(X) * sum(Y)/N ("sum of products" of independent times dependent variable) regr_syy(Y, X) double precision double precision sum(Y^2) - sum(Y)^2/N ("sum of squares" of the dependent variable) stddev(expression) smallint, int, bigint, real, double precision, or numeric double precision for floating-point arguments, otherwise numeric historical alias for stddev_samp stddev_pop(expression) smallint, int, bigint, real, double precision, or numeric double precision for floating-point arguments, otherwise numeric population standard deviation of the input values stddev_samp(expression) smallint, int, bigint, real, double precision, or numeric double precision for floating-point arguments, otherwise numeric sample standard deviation of the input values variance(expression) smallint, int, bigint, real, double precision, or numeric double precision for floating-point arguments, otherwise numeric historical alias for var_samp var_pop(expression) smallint, int, bigint, real, double precision, or numeric double precision for floating-point arguments, otherwise numeric population variance of the input values (square of the population standard deviation) var_samp(expression) smallint, int, bigint, real, double precision, or numeric double precision for floating-point arguments, otherwise numeric sample variance of the input values (square of the sample standard deviation)
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