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RSolve: Solve recurrence equation—Wolfram Documentation

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BUILT-IN SYMBOL

RSolve[eqn,a[n],n]

solves a recurrence equation for a[n].

RSolve[{eqn1,eqn2,},{a1[n],a2[n],},n]

solves a system of recurrence equations.

RSolve[eqn,a[n1,n2,],{n1,n2,}]

solves a partial recurrence equation.

Details and Options Examplesopen allclose all Basic Examples  (4)

Solve a difference equation:

Include a boundary condition:

Get a "pure function" solution for a:

Substitute the solution into an expression:

Solve a functional equation:

Scope  (40) Basic Uses  (7)

Compute the general solution of a first-order difference equation:

Obtain a particular solution by adding an initial condition:

Plot the solution of a first-order difference equation:

Make a table of values:

Verify the solution of a difference equation by using a in the second argument:

Obtain the general solution of a higher-order difference equation:

Particular solution:

Solve a system of difference equations:

Plot their solution:

Verify the solution:

Solve a partial difference equation:

Obtain a particular solution:

Plot the resulting solution:

Use different names for the arbitrary constants in the general solution:

Linear Difference Equations  (7)

Geometric equation:

First-order equation with variable coefficients:

A third-order constant coefficient equation:

Initial value conditions:

Plot the solution:

Second-order inhomogeneous equation:

Second-order variable coefficient equation in terms of elementary functions:

EulerCauchy equation:

In general, special functions are required to express solutions:

Higher-order inhomogeneous equation with constant coefficients:

Nonlinear Difference Equations  (5)

Solvable logistic equations:

Riccati equations:

Solutions in terms of trigonometric and hyperbolic functions:

Higher-order equations:

Nonlinear convolution equation:

Systems of Difference Equations  (8)

Linear system with constant coefficients:

With boundary conditions:

Plot their solution:

Linear fractional systems:

Diagonal system:

Variable coefficient linear system with a polynomial solution:

Linear constant coefficient difference-algebraic system:

An index-2 system:

Solve a linear system using vector variables:

Alternatively, define as a VectorSymbol:

Solve a linear system using matrix variables:

Alternatively, define as a MatrixSymbol:

Solve an inhomogeneous linear system of ODEs with constant coefficients:

Partial Difference Equations  (3)

First-order linear partial difference equation with constant coefficients:

Substitute the function Sin[2k] for the free function C[1]:

Plot the resulting solution:

Constant coefficient linear equation of orders 2, 3, and 4:

Inhomogeneous:

Variable coefficient linear equation:

QDifference Equations  (6)

First-order constant coefficient -difference equation:

Equivalent way of expressing the same equation:

Initial value:

Second-order equation:

Third-order:

Inhomogeneous:

Using a numeric value for :

Plot solution:

Linear varying coefficient equations:

Nonlinear equations:

Riccati equation:

A linear constant coefficient system of -difference equations:

Functional Difference Equations  (4)

Find the general solution for an arithmetic difference equation:

Verify the solution:

Solve an initial value problem for an arithmetic-geometric difference equation:

Plot the solution:

Solve a linear fractional difference equation:

Make a table of values for the solution:

Solve a geometric power difference equation:

Verify the solution:

Generalizations & Extensions  (1)

No boundary condition, gives two generated parameters:

One boundary condition:

Two boundary conditions:

Options  (1) GeneratedParameters  (1)

Use differently named constants:

Use subscripted constants:

Applications  (11)

This models the amount a[n] at year n when the interest r is paid on the principal p only:

Here the interest is paid on the current amount a[n], i.e. compound interest:

Here a[n] denotes the number of moves required in the Tower of Hanoi problem with n disks:

Here a[n] is the number of ways to tile an n×3 space with 2×1 tiles:

The number of comparisons for a binary search problem:

Number of arithmetic operations in the fast Fourier transform:

The integral satisfies the difference equation:

The integral satisfies the difference equation:

The difference equation for the series coefficients of :

The determinant of an n×n tridiagonal matrix with diagonals satisfies:

This models the surface area s[n] in dimension n of a unit sphere:

The volume of the unit ball in dimension n:

Applying Newton's method to , or computing :

Applying the Euler forward method to yields:

Solve the difference equation that describes the complexity of Karatsuba multiplication:

Compare with the complexity of schoolbook multiplication:

Properties & Relations  (9)

Solutions satisfy their difference and boundary equations:

Difference equation corresponding to Sum:

Difference equation corresponding to Product:

RSolve returns a rule for the solution:

RSolveValue returns an expression for the solution:

RSolve finds a symbolic solution for a difference equation:

RecurrenceTable generates a procedural solution for the same problem:

FindLinearRecurrence finds the minimal linear recurrence for a list:

RSolve finds the sequence satisfying the recurrence:

Use RecurrenceFilter to filter a signal:

Solve the corresponding difference equation using RSolve:

Forecast the next value for a time series based on ARProcess:

Obtain the same result using RSolve:

Use RFixedPoints to find the fixed points for a system of two recurrence equations:

Use RStabilityConditions to analyze the stability of the fixed point:

Solve the system using a fixed point as the initial condition:

Solve the system for given initial conditions:

Plot the solution:

Possible Issues  (5)

Results may contain symbolic sums and products:

Capital and capital cannot be used as independent variables:

Replacing them by lowercase or lowercase fixes the issue:

The solution to this difference equation is unique as a sequence:

As a function it is only unique up to a function of period 1:

Boundary value problems may have multiple solutions:

Verify the solution when the equation involves subscripted variables:

Neat Examples  (1)

Compute the n iterate or composition of a function:

Wolfram Research (2003), RSolve, Wolfram Language function, https://reference.wolfram.com/language/ref/RSolve.html (updated 2025). Text

Wolfram Research (2003), RSolve, Wolfram Language function, https://reference.wolfram.com/language/ref/RSolve.html (updated 2025).

CMS

Wolfram Language. 2003. "RSolve." Wolfram Language & System Documentation Center. Wolfram Research. Last Modified 2025. https://reference.wolfram.com/language/ref/RSolve.html.

APA

Wolfram Language. (2003). RSolve. Wolfram Language & System Documentation Center. Retrieved from https://reference.wolfram.com/language/ref/RSolve.html

BibTeX

@misc{reference.wolfram_2025_rsolve, author="Wolfram Research", title="{RSolve}", year="2025", howpublished="\url{https://reference.wolfram.com/language/ref/RSolve.html}", note=[Accessed: 12-July-2025 ]}

BibLaTeX

@online{reference.wolfram_2025_rsolve, organization={Wolfram Research}, title={RSolve}, year={2025}, url={https://reference.wolfram.com/language/ref/RSolve.html}, note=[Accessed: 12-July-2025 ]}


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