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Solve a matrix equation numerically or symbolically—Wolfram Documentation

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• See Also
  • Inverse
  • Solve
  • NullSpace
  • CoefficientArrays
  • CholeskyDecomposition
  • PseudoInverse
  • LeastSquares
  • RowReduce
  • LinearSolveFunction
  • MatrixPower
  • Adjugate
• Related Guides
  • Linear Systems
  • Equation Solving
  • Matrix Operations
  • Finite Mathematics
  • GPU Computing
  • Matrices and Linear Algebra
  • GPU Computing with NVIDIA
  • Systems Modeling
  • Finite Fields
  • GPU Programming
  • Symbolic Vectors, Matrices and Arrays
  • Structured Arrays
• Tech Notes
  • Solving Linear Systems
  • Implementation notes: Numerical and Related Functions

LinearSolve[m,b]

finds an x that solves the matrix equation m.x==b.

LinearSolve[a,b]

finds an x that solves the array equation a.x==b.

• LinearSolve works on both numerical and symbolic matrices, as well as SparseArray objects.
• The argument b can be either a vector or a matrix. »
• The matrix m can be square or rectangular. »
• LinearSolve[m] and LinearSolveFunction[…] provide an efficient way to solve the same approximate numerical linear system many times.
• LinearSolve[m,b] is equivalent to LinearSolve[m][b].
• For underdetermined systems, LinearSolve will return one of the possible solutions; Solve will return a general solution. »
• For an n₁×…×n_k×m array a and an n₁×…×n_k×d₁×…×d_l array b, LinearSolve[a,b] gives an m×d₁×…×d_l array x, such that a.xb.
• LinearSolve has the following options and settings:
• The ZeroTest option only applies to exact and symbolic matrices.
• With Method->Automatic, the method is automatically selected depending upon input.
• Explicit Method settings for exact and symbolic matrices include:
• "CofactorExpansion" Laplace cofactor expansion "DivisionFreeRowReduction" Bareiss method of division-free row reduction "OneStepRowReduction" standard row reduction
• Explicit Method settings for approximate numeric matrices include:
• "Banded" banded matrix solver "Cholesky" Cholesky method for positive definite Hermitian matrices "Krylov" iterative Krylov sparse solver "Multifrontal" direct sparse LU decomposition "Pardiso" parallel direct sparse solver

Solve the matrix-vector equation with and :

Verify the solution:

Solve the matrix equation with and :

Verify the solution:

Solve a rectangular matrix equation:

Verify the solution:

Solve at machine precision:

Solve a case where is a matrix:

Solve for a complex matrix:

Find a solution for an exact, rectangular matrix:

Compute a solution at arbitrary precision:

Solve for a symbolic matrix:

Solve the system when is a matrix:

Solve over a finite field:

Solve for CenteredInterval matrices:

Find random representatives mrep and brep of m and b:

Verify that sol contains LinearSolve[mrep,brep]:

Solve for when is a matrix of different dimensions:

When no right‐hand side for is given, a LinearSolveFunction is returned:

This contains data to solve the problem quickly for a few values of :

Solve with sparse matrices:

As the result is typically not sparse, the result is returned as an ordinary list:

Sparse methods are used to efficiently solve sparse matrices:

Visualize the result:

Solve a system with structured matrices:

Use a different type of matrix structure:

An identity matrix always produces a trivial solution:

Solve a linear system whose coefficient matrix is a Hilbert matrix:

Solve a system whose coefficients are univariate polynomials of degree :

Solve with a 2×3×6 array and a 2×3×4×5 array :

The result is a 6×4×5 array:

Verify the solution:

Solve using a banded matrix method:

Check a relative error of the computed solution:

Solve using the Cholesky decomposition:

Check a relative error of the computed solution:

The following suboptions can be specified for the method "Krylov":

Possible settings for "Method" include:

Possible settings for "Preconditioner" include:

Possible suboptions for "Preconditioner" include:

Solve using a Krylov method:

Check a relative error of the computed solution:

Solve using a direct multifrontal method:

Check a relative error of the computed solution:

Solve using Pardiso:

Check a relative error of the computed solution:

Find the solution x to m.x==b modulo 47:

Verify the solution:

The following three vectors are not linearly independent:

The equation with a generic right-hand side does not have a solution:

Equivalently, the equation with the identity matrix on the right-hand side has no solution:

The following three vectors are linearly independent:

The equation with a generic right-hand side has a solution:

Equivalently, the equation with the identity matrix on the right-hand side has a solution:

The solution is the inverse of :

Determine if the following vectors are linearly independent or not:

As does not have a solution for an arbitrary , they are not linearly independent:

Solve the following system of equations:

Rewrite the system in matrix form:

Use LinearSolve to find a solution:

Show that the solution is unique using NullSpace:

Verify the result using SolveValues:

Find all solutions of the following system of equations:

First, write the coefficient matrix , variable vector and constant vector :

Verify the rewrite:

LinearSolve gives a particular solution:

NullSpace gives a basis for solutions to the homogeneous equation :

Define to be an arbitrary linear combination of the elements of :

The general solution is the sum of and :

Determine if the following matrix has an inverse:

Since the system has no solution, does not have an inverse:

Verify the result using Inverse:

Determine if the following matrix has a nonzero determinant:

Since the system has a solution, 's determinant must be nonzero:

Confirm the result using Det:

Find the inverse of the following matrix:

To find the inverse, first solve the system :

Verify the result using Inverse:

Solve the system , with several different by means of computing a LinearSolveFunction:

Perform the computation by inverting the matrix and multiplying by the inverse:

The results are practically identical, even though LinearSolveFunction is multiple times faster:

Newton's method for finding a root of a multivariate function:

Compare with the answer found by FindRoot:

Approximately solve the boundary value problem using discrete differences:

Show the error compared with the exact solution:

For an invertible matrix , LinearSolve[m,b] gives the same result as SolveValues for the corresponding system of equations:

Create the corresponding system of linear equations:

Confirm that SolveValues gives the same result:

LinearSolve always returns the trivial solution to the homogenous equation :

Use NullSpace to get the complete spanning set of solutions if is singular:

Compare with the result of SolveValues:

If is nonsingular, the solution of is the inverse of when is the identity matrix:

In this case there is no solution to :

Use LeastSquares to minimize :

Compare to general minimization:

If can be solved, LeastSquares is equivalent to LinearSolve:

For a square matrix, LinearSolve[m,b] has a solution for a generic b iff Det[m]!=0:

For a square matrix, LinearSolve[m,b] has a solution for a generic b iff m has full rank:

For a square matrix, LinearSolve[m,b] has a solution for a generic b iff m has an inverse:

For a square matrix, LinearSolve[m,b] has a solution for a generic b iff m has a trivial null space:

Solution found for an underdetermined system is not unique:

All solutions are found by Solve:

LinearSolve gave the solution corresponding to :

With ill-conditioned matrices, numerical solutions may not be sufficiently accurate:

The solution is more accurate if sufficiently high precision is used:

Some of the linear solvers available are not deterministic. Set up a system of equations:

Create a solver function:

The "Pardiso" solver is not deterministic:

The Automatic solver method is deterministic:

Solve 100,000 equations using a direct method:

Solve a million equations using an iterative method:

Check a relative error of the solution:

Solve the same system of equations using a banded matrix method:

Check a relative error of the solution:

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