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Expectation—Wolfram Language Documentation

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• See Also
  • NExpectation
  • AsymptoticExpectation
  • Distributed
  • Conditioned
  • Probability
  • NProbability
  • Mean
  • Moment
  • CentralMoment
  • FactorialMoment
  • Sum
  • Integrate
• Related Guides
  • Random Variables
  • Probability & Statistics
  • Actuarial Computation
  • Probability & Statistics with Quantities
  • Finite Mathematics
  • Numerical Data
  • Descriptive Statistics
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Expectation[expr,xdist]

gives the expectation of expr under the assumption that x follows the probability distribution dist.

Expectation[expr,xdata]

gives the expectation of expr under the assumption that x follows the probability distribution given by data.

Expectation[expr,{x₁,x₂,…}dist]

gives the expectation of expr under the assumption that {x₁,x₂,…} follows the multivariate distribution dist.

Expectation[expr,{x₁dist₁,x₂dist₂,…}]

gives the expectation of expr under the assumption that x₁, x₂, … are independent and follow the distributions dist₁, dist₂, ….

Expectation[exprpred,…]

gives the conditional expectation of expr given pred.

• Expectation is also known as expected value.
• xdist can be entered as x dist dist or x \[Distributed]dist.
• exprpred can be entered as expr cond pred or expr \[Conditioned]pred.
• For a continuous distribution dist, the expectation of expr is given by where is the probability density function of dist and the integral is taken over the domain of dist.
• For a discrete distribution dist, the expectation of expr is given by where is the probability density function of dist and the summation is taken over the domain of dist.
• For a dataset data, the expectation of expr is given by Sum[expr,{x,data}]/Length[data].
• Univariate data is given as a list of values {v₁,v₂,…} and multivariate data is given as a list of vectors {{v₁₁,…,v_1m},{v₂₁,…,v_2m},…}.
• Expectation[expr,{x₁dist₁,x₂dist₂}] corresponds to Expectation[Expectation[expr,x₂dist₂],x₁dist₁] so that the last variable is summed or integrated first.
• N[Expectation[…]] calls NExpectation for expectations that cannot be done symbolically. »
• The following options can be given:

• Expectation[expr,x] gives the expectation for an expression expr involving a random variable x under the assumption that x either follows an indicated probability distribution (i.e.  is a distribution such as NormalDistribution, BinomialDistribution, ChiSquareDistribution, etc.) or is taken from a given dataset (i.e.  defines a dataset), and where  is a shorthand for Distributed. The output of Expectation may be a number or symbolic expression involving the input parameters.
• Expectation also works with multivariate distributions, with nonparametric distributions such as EmpiricalDistribution, HistogramDistribution, and KernelMixtureDistribution, and with derived distributions such as TransformedDistribution and ProductDistribution. Expectation may also be applied to random processes, including those defined by ContinuousMarkovProcess, DiscreteMarkovProcess, WienerProcess, and PoissonProcess.
• Expressions passed to Expectation may include linear and nonlinear expressions as well as functions of both real and complex variables. Expectation can compute conditional expectations using an expression of the form exprpred, where  is a shorthand for Conditioned. A number of options may be passed to Expectation including Assumptions, GenerateConditions, and Method. The output provided by Expectation is calculated via exact methods, including symbolic integration and summation. Corresponding results involving numerical methods can be obtained via NExpectation.
• By definition, the expectation Expectation[x,x] of a random variable x distributed according to a distribution  is the same as the first moment Moment[,1] and hence also as the mean Mean[]. In addition, pairing Expectation with a Boole construct allows results obtained by Expectation to also be obtained by Probability. For example, Expectation[Boole[1<x<3],xNormalDistribution[]] is equivalent to Probability[1<x<3, xNormalDistribution[]].

Compute the expectation of a polynomial expression:

Compute the expectation of an arbitrary expression:

Compute a conditional expectation:

Compute the expectation for an expression in a continuous univariate distribution:

Discrete univariate distribution:

Continuous multivariate distribution:

Discrete multivariate distribution:

Find the expectation of an expression in a distribution specified by a list:

Compute the expectation using independently distributed random variables:

Find the conditional expectation with general nonzero probability conditioning:

Discrete univariate distribution:

Multivariate continuous distribution:

Multivariate discrete distribution:

Compute the conditional expectation with a zero-probability conditioning event:

Apply N[Expectation[…]] to invoke NExpectation if symbolic evaluation fails:

With no Assumptions, conditions are generated:

With Assumptions, a result valid under the given assumptions is returned:

Find the expectation of a rational function:

Transcendental function:

Piecewise function:

Complex function:

Compute an expectation for a time slice of a Poisson process:

Find expectations of quantity expressions:

Find expectations specified using QuantityDistribution:

Find conditional expectations:

Calculate expectation with QuantityMagnitude:

Equivalent calculation:

Calculate expectation with distribution given by Quantity data:

Distribution given by QuantityArray:

Compute expectations for univariate continuous distributions:

Compute expectations for univariate discrete distributions:

Expectations for multivariate continuous distributions:

Expectations for multivariate discrete distributions:

Compute the expectation using a TransformedDistribution:

An equivalent way of formulating the same expectation:

Find the expectation using a ProductDistribution:

An equivalent formulation for the same expectation:

Using a component mixture of normal distributions:

Parameter mixture of exponential distributions:

Truncated Dirichlet distribution:

Censored triangular distribution:

Marginal distribution:

An equivalent way of formulating the same expectation:

Copula distribution:

Formula distribution:

Use a pure function to compute an expectation for a list of values:

Compute an expectation for a mixture of continuous and discrete distributions:

With no Assumptions, conditions are generated:

With Assumptions, a result valid under the given assumptions is returned:

Compute the expectation of a polynomial function:

Obtain the same result using the moments of the distribution:

The evaluation is slower using the definition of Expectation as an integral:

Compute the expectation of a transcendental function:

Here, the method based on moments fails because the expression is nonpolynomial:

The result can be obtained using the definition of Expectation as a symbolic sum:

Find the expectation of a function in a TukeyLambdaDistribution:

The PDF of this distribution is not available in closed form:

Hence a direct application of the definition fails:

The expectation can be computed using Quantile:

Calculate the expectation of an expression:

This example uses Integrate:

Use Activate to evaluate the result:

Create a distribution object with quantity:

Expectation uses the quantity provided in the distribution as default:

Specify the target unit to "Hours":

Obtain the raw moments of a continuous distribution:

Obtain the mean of a discrete distribution:

Obtain the variance of a truncated distribution:

Construct a mixture density, here a Poisson‐inverse Gaussian mixture:

Obtain the same result directly using ParameterMixtureDistribution:

Verify Jensen inequality for a concave function and a lognormal distribution:

Compute the expected time value of a death benefit of $1 paid at time , where is drawn from a Gompertz–Makeham distribution:

Find the annual premium, which is usually paid at the beginning of a policy year, that is necessary to make the expected time value of that payment stream for periods (where is drawn from a Gompertz–Makeham distribution) equal to the net single premium:

The resulting net annual premium:

The fractional change of stock price at time (in years) is assumed lognormally distributed with parameters and :

Compute expected stock price at epoch :

Assuming an investor can invest money in a stock with dividend yield for a year at a continuously compounded yearly rate risk-free, the risk-neutral pricing condition requires:

Solve for parameter :

Consider a call option to buy this stock a year from now, at a fixed price . The value of such an option is:

Similarly, consider a put option to sell this stock a year from now, at a fixed price . The value of such an option is:

The risk-neutral price of the call and put options are determined as the present value of their expected option values:

You can now establish the celebrated Put-Call Parity relationship that :

Assuming rate of 5%, dividend yield of 2%, volatility parameter of 0.087, an initial price of $200 per share of stock, and a strike price of $190 per share, the Black–Scholes call and put option prices are:

The above results can be compared favorably with FinancialDerivative:

Study the tail value at risk (TVaR) for the exponential distribution:

Find the mean time to failure (MTTF) for an exponential life distribution:

A random sample of size 10 from a continuous distribution is sorted in ascending order. A new random variate is generated. Find the probability that the 11 sample falls between the fourth and fifth smallest values in the sorted list:

The probability equals and is independent of :

It is also independent of the distribution:

Four six-sided dice are rolled. Find the expectation of the minimum value:

Find the expectation of the maximum value:

Find the expectation of the sum of the three largest values. Using the identity and linearity of Expectation, you get:

A player bets amount in a casino with no betting limit in a game with a chance of winning . If he loses he doubles the bet, and if he wins he quits, hence the number of games played follows a geometric distribution, with expected number of games played represented as follows:

The cash reserve needed to win the game:

The player always leaves the casino collecting the amount of the initial bet:

The cash reserve needed to execute the above strategy is finite only for strictly favorable games, where :

A drug has proven to be effective in 40% of cases. Find the expected number of successes when applied to 700 cases:

A baseball player is a 0.300 hitter. Find the expected number of hits if the player comes to bat 3 times:

Find the mean if the signal-to-noise ratio has a Weibull distribution:

The expectation of an expression in a continuous distribution is defined by an integral:

The expectation of an expression in a discrete distribution is defined by a sum:

A conditional expectation is defined by a ratio of expectation and probability:

Use NExpectation to find the numerical value of an expectation:

Compute the probability of an event:

Obtain the same result using Expectation:

N[Expectation[…]] is equivalent to NExpectation if symbolic evaluation fails:

Use AsymptoticExpectation to find an asymptotic approximation of an expectation:

Obtain the same result using Asymptotic[Expectation[…]]:

Mean, Moment, Variance, and other properties are defined as expectations:

Generating functions including MomentGeneratingFunction are defined by an expectation:

For a distribution specified by a list, Expectation is equivalent to using Mean:

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