Many modules are included in the Perl distribution. These are described below, and all end in .pm. You may discover compiled library files (usually ending in .so) or small pieces of modules to be autoloaded (ending in .al); these were automatically generated by the installation process. You may also discover files in the library directory that end in either .pl or .ph. These are old libraries supplied so that old programs that use them still run. The .pl files will all eventually be converted into standard modules, and the .ph files made by h2ph will probably end up as extension modules made by h2xs. (Some .ph values may already be available through the POSIX, Errno, or Fcntl modules.) The pl2pm file in the distribution may help in your conversion, but it's just a mechanical process and therefore far from bulletproof.
They work somewhat like compiler directives (pragmata) in that they tend to affect the compilation of your program, and thus will usually work well only when used within a use, or no. Most of these are lexically scoped, so an inner BLOCK may countermand them by saying:
which lasts until the end of that BLOCK.
Some pragmas are lexically scoped--typically those that affect the $^H hints variable. Others affect the current package instead, like use vars and use subs, which allow you to predeclare a variables or subroutines within a particular file rather than just a block. Such declarations are effective for the entire file for which they were declared. You cannot rescind them with no vars or no subs.
The following pragmas are defined (and have their own documentation).
Standard, bundled modules are all expected to behave in a well-defined manner with respect to namespace pollution because they use the Exporter module. See their own documentation for details.
It's possible that not all modules listed below are installed on your system. For example, the GDBM_File module will not be installed if you don't have the gdbm library.
Provide framework for multiple DBMs
Easily interact with CPAN from the command line
Implements the prove command.
State storage for the prove command.
Individual test suite results.
Individual test results.
A generic archive extracting mechanism
Module for manipulations of tar archives
A subclass for in-memory extracted file from Archive::Tar
Simpler definition of attribute handlers
Load subroutines only on demand
Split a package for autoloading
The Perl Compiler Backend
Walk Perl syntax tree, printing concise info about ops
Walk Perl syntax tree, printing debug info about ops
Perl compiler backend to produce perl code
Perl lint
Adds debugging stringification to B::
Show lexical variables used in functions or files
Walk Perl syntax tree, printing terse info about ops
Generates cross reference reports for Perl programs
Benchmark running times of Perl code
Handle Common Gateway Interface requests and responses
Backward compatibility module for CGI.pm
CGI routines for writing to the HTTPD (or other) error log
Interface to HTTP Cookies
CGI Interface for Fast CGI
Module to produce nicely formatted HTML code
Simple Interface to Server Push
Backward compatibility module for defunct CGI::Switch
Internal utilities used by CGI module
Pseudo-namespace for Perl's core routines
Query, download and build perl modules from CPAN sites
A recipe book for programming with CPAN.pm
Read and match distroprefs
Utility for CPAN::Config file Initialization
Interface between CPAN.pm and Kwalify.pm
The distribution metadata for a CPAN dist
Convert CPAN distribution metadata structures
An optional feature provided by a CPAN distribution
History of CPAN Meta Spec changes
A set of distribution prerequisites by phase and type
Specification for CPAN distribution metadata
Validate CPAN distribution metadata structures
Read and write a subset of YAML for CPAN Meta files
Wrapper around CPAN.pm without using any XS module
Utility functions to compare CPAN versions
API & CLI access to the CPAN mirrors
Base class for custom distribution classes
CPANPLUS plugin to install packages that use Build.PL
Constants for CPANPLUS::Dist::Build
Sample code to create your own Dist::* plugin
In memory implementation
SQLite implementation
CPAN.pm emulation for CPANPLUS
Documentation on how to write your own plugins
Alternative warn and die for modules
Declare struct-like datatypes as Perl classes
Low-Level Interface to bzip2 compression library
Frequently Asked Questions about Compress::Raw::Bzip2
Low-Level Interface to zlib compression library
Frequently Asked Questions about Compress::Raw::Zlib
Interface to zlib compression library
Access Perl configuration information
Get pathname of current working directory
Programmatic interface to the Perl debugging API
Filter DBM keys/values
Filter for DBM_Filter
Filter for DBM_Filter
Filter for DBM_Filter
Filter for DBM_Filter
Filter for DBM_Filter
Perl5 access to Berkeley DB version 1.x
Stringified perl data structures, suitable for both printing and eval
A DEPRECATED Perl code profiler
Find all the inner packages of a package
Perl/Pollution/Portability
A data debugging tool for the XS programmer
Generate stubs for a SelfLoading module
Modules that calculate message digests
Perl interface to the MD5 Algorithm
Perl extension for SHA-1/224/256/384/512
Digest base class
Calculate digests of files
Supply object methods for directory handles
Provides screen dump of Perl data.
Dynamically load C libraries into Perl code
Character encodings
Alias definitions to encodings
Single Byte Encodings
Internally used by Encode::??::ISO_2022_*
China-based Chinese Encodings
Internally used by Encode::CN
Internally used by Encode
EBCDIC Encodings
Object Oriented Encoder
Encode Implementation Base Class
ESTI GSM 03.38 Encoding
Guesses encoding from data
Japanese Encodings
Internally used by Encode::JP::2022_JP*
Internally used by Encode::JP
Korean Encodings
Internally used by Encode::KR
MIME 'B' and 'Q' header encoding
Internally used by Encode
A detailed document on Encode and PerlIO
Encodings supported by Encode
Symbol Encodings
Taiwan-based Chinese Encodings
Various Unicode Transformation Formats
UTF-7 encoding
Use nice English (or awk) names for ugly punctuation variables
Perl module that imports environment variables as scalars or arrays
System errno constants
Implements default import method for modules
Exporter guts
Compile and link C code for Perl modules
Builder class for Windows platforms
Utilities to replace common UNIX commands in Makefiles etc.
Commands for the MM's to use in Makefiles
Generate XS code to import C header constants
Base class for ExtUtils::Constant objects
Helper functions for ExtUtils::Constant
Generate C code for XS modules' constants.
Utilities for embedding Perl in C/C++ applications
Install files from here to there
Inventory management of installed modules
Determine libraries to use and how to use them
OS adjusted ExtUtils::MakeMaker subclass
AIX specific subclass of ExtUtils::MM_Unix
Platform-agnostic MM methods
Methods to override UN*X behaviour in ExtUtils::MakeMaker
Methods to override UN*X behaviour in ExtUtils::MakeMaker
DOS specific subclass of ExtUtils::MM_Unix
Special behaviors for OS X
Once produced Makefiles for MacOS Classic
Methods to override UN*X behaviour in ExtUtils::MakeMaker
Methods to override UN*X behaviour in ExtUtils::MakeMaker
QNX specific subclass of ExtUtils::MM_Unix
U/WIN specific subclass of ExtUtils::MM_Unix
Methods used by ExtUtils::MakeMaker
Methods to override UN*X behaviour in ExtUtils::MakeMaker
VOS specific subclass of ExtUtils::MM_Unix
Methods to override UN*X behaviour in ExtUtils::MakeMaker
Method to customize MakeMaker for Win9X
ExtUtils::MakeMaker subclass for customization
Create a module Makefile
Wrapper around Config.pm
Frequently Asked Questions About MakeMaker
Writing a module with MakeMaker
Utilities to write and check a MANIFEST file
Make a bootstrap file for use by DynaLoader
Write linker options files for dynamic extension
Manage .packlist files
Converts Perl XS code into C code
Keep sets of symbol names palatable to the VMS linker
Add blib/* directories to @INC
Replace functions with equivalents which succeed or die
Load the C Fcntl.h defines
Parse file paths into directory, filename and suffix.
Run many filetest checks on a tree
Compare files or filehandles
Copy files or filehandles
DOS like globbing and then some
A generic file fetching mechanism
Traverse a directory tree.
Perl extension for BSD glob routine
Extend File Glob to Allow Input and Output Files
Create or remove directory trees
Portably perform operations on file names
Methods for Cygwin file specs
Methods for Epoc file specs
Portably perform operations on file names
File::Spec for Mac OS (Classic)
Methods for OS/2 file specs
File::Spec for Unix, base for other File::Spec modules
Methods for VMS file specs
Methods for Win32 file specs
Return name and handle of a temporary file safely
By-name interface to Perl's built-in stat() functions
Keep more files open than the system permits
Supply object methods for filehandles
Simplified source filtering
Perl Source Filter Utility Module
Locate directory of original perl script
Perl5 access to the gdbm library.
Extended processing of command line options
Process single-character switches with switch clustering
A small, simple, correct HTTP/1.1 client
A selection of general-utility hash subroutines
Support for Inside-Out Classes
Compare 8-bit scalar data according to the current locale
Functions for dealing with RFC3066-style language tags
Detect the user's language preferences
Tags and names for human languages
Query locale information
Load various IO modules
Base Class for IO::Compress modules
Write bzip2 files/buffers
Write RFC 1950 files/buffers
Frequently Asked Questions about IO::Compress
Write RFC 1952 files/buffers
Write RFC 1951 files/buffers
Write zip files/buffers
Supply object methods for directory handles
Supply object methods for filehandles
Supply object methods for I/O handles
Supply object methods for pipes
Object interface to system poll call
Supply seek based methods for I/O objects
OO interface to the select system call
Object interface to socket communications
Object interface for AF_INET domain sockets
Object interface for AF_UNIX domain sockets
Uncompress zlib-based (zip, gzip) file/buffer
Uncompress gzip, zip, bzip2 or lzop file/buffer
Base Class for IO::Uncompress modules
Read bzip2 files/buffers
Read RFC 1952 files/buffers
Read RFC 1950 files/buffers
Read RFC 1951 files/buffers
Read zip files/buffers
IO:: style interface to Compress::Zlib
Finding and running system commands made easy
SysV Msg IPC object class
Open a process for both reading and writing using open2()
Open a process for reading, writing, and error handling using open3()
SysV Semaphore IPC object class
SysV Shared Memory IPC object class
System V IPC constants and system calls
JSON::XS compatible pure-Perl module.
Dummy module providing JSON::PP::Boolean
A selection of general-utility list subroutines
Indicate if List::Util was compiled with a C compiler
A distribution of modules to handle locale codes
Details important changes after 2.07
Country codes for the Locale::Country module
Currency codes for the Locale::Currency module
Language codes for the Locale::Language module
Script codes for the Locale::Script module
Constants for Locale codes
Standard codes for country identification
Standard codes for currency identification
Standard codes for language identification
Framework for localization
Recipes for using Locale::Maketext
Deprecated module to load Locale::Maketext utf8 code
Deprecated module to load Locale::Maketext utf8 code
Simple interface to Locale::Maketext::Lexicon
Article about software localization
Standard codes for script identification
A generic message storing mechanism;
Configuration options for Log::Message
Message handlers for Log::Message
Message objects for Log::Message
Simplified interface to Log::Message
Encoding and decoding of base64 strings
Encoding and decoding of quoted-printable strings
Arbitrary size floating point math package
Arbitrary size integer/float math package
Pure Perl module to support Math::BigInt
Emulate low-level math with BigInt code
Math::BigInt::Calc with some XS for more speed
Arbitrary big rational numbers
Complex numbers and associated mathematical functions
Trigonometric functions
Make functions faster by trading space for time
Glue to provide EXISTS for AnyDBM_File for Storable use
Plug-in module for automatic expiration of memoized values
Test for Memoize expiration semantics
Test for Memoize expiration semantics
Glue to provide EXISTS for NDBM_File for Storable use
Glue to provide EXISTS for SDBM_File for Storable use
Store Memoized data in Storable database
Build and install Perl modules
API Reference for Module Authors
Authoring Module::Build modules
Default methods for Module::Build
How to bundle Module::Build with a distribution
Compatibility with ExtUtils::MakeMaker
Configuration for Module::Build
Examples of Module::Build Usage
DEPRECATED
Create persistent distribution configuration modules
Perl Package Manager file creation
Builder class for Amiga platforms
Stub class for unknown platforms
Builder class for EBCDIC platforms
Builder class for MPEiX platforms
Builder class for MacOS platforms
Builder class for RiscOS platforms
Builder class for Unix platforms
Builder class for VMS platforms
Builder class for VOS platforms
Builder class for Windows platforms
Builder class for AIX platform
Builder class for Cygwin platform
Builder class for Mac OS X platform
Builder class for OS/2 platform
DEPRECATED
DEPRECATED
What modules shipped with versions of perl
Runtime require of both modules and files
Looking up module information / loading at runtime
Mark modules as loaded or unloaded
Gather package and POD information from perl module files
Automatically give your module the ability to have plugins
Automatically give your module the ability to have plugins
Tied access to ndbm files
Provide a pseudo-class NEXT (et al) that allows method redispatch
Network Command class (as used by FTP, SMTP etc)
Local configuration data for libnet
Attempt to evaluate the current host's internet name and domain
FTP Client class
NNTP Client class
OO interface to users netrc file
Post Office Protocol 3 Client class (RFC1939)
Check a remote host for reachability
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol Client
Time and daytime network client interface
By-name interface to Perl's built-in gethost*() functions
Libnet Frequently Asked Questions
By-name interface to Perl's built-in getnet*() functions
By-name interface to Perl's built-in getproto*() functions
By-name interface to Perl's built-in getserv*() functions
Generic interface to Perl Compiler backends
Tied access to odbm files
Interface to create per object accessors
Disable named opcodes when compiling perl code
Perl interface to IEEE Std 1003.1
List all constants declared in a package
A generic input parsing/checking mechanism.
Parse META.yml and META.json CPAN metadata files
Map Perl operating system names to generic types
On demand loader for PerlIO layers and root of PerlIO::* name space
Encoding layer
In-memory IO, scalar IO
Helper class for PerlIO layers implemented in perl
PerlIO layer for quoted-printable strings
Check pod documents for syntax errors
For resolving Pod E<...> sequences
Find POD documents in directory trees
Group Perl's functions a la perlfunc.pod
Module to convert pod files to HTML
Objects representing POD input paragraphs, commands, etc.
Convert Pod data to formatted Latex
Convert POD data to formatted *roff input
Parse an L<> formatting code in POD text
Helpers for POD parsing and conversion
Base class for creating POD filters and translators
Look up Perl documentation in Pod format.
Base for Pod::Perldoc formatters
Customized option parser for Pod::Perldoc
Let Perldoc check Pod for errors
Let Perldoc render Pod as man pages
Let Perldoc convert Pod to nroff
Let Perldoc render Pod as ... Pod!
Let Perldoc render Pod as RTF
Let Perldoc render Pod as plaintext
Let Perldoc use Tk::Pod to render Pod
Let Perldoc render Pod as XML
Convert POD data to formatted ASCII text
Extract selected sections of POD from input
Framework for parsing Pod
Check the Pod syntax of a document
Put Pod::Simple into trace/debug mode
Dump Pod-parsing events as text
Turn Pod into XML
Convert Pod to HTML
Convert several Pod files to several HTML files
Represent "section" attributes of L codes
Turn Pod::Simple events into method calls
A pull-parser interface to parsing Pod
End-tokens from Pod::Simple::PullParser
Start-tokens from Pod::Simple::PullParser
Text-tokens from Pod::Simple::PullParser
Tokens from Pod::Simple::PullParser
Format Pod as RTF
Find POD documents in directory trees
Parse Pod into a simple parse tree
Write a formatter as a Pod::Simple subclass
Format Pod as plaintext
Get the text content of Pod
Format Pod as validating XHTML
Turn Pod into XML
Convert POD data to formatted ASCII text
Convert POD data to formatted color ASCII text
Convert POD data to ASCII text with format escapes
Print a usage message from embedded pod documentation
Tied access to sdbm files
Compile and execute code in restricted compartments
A selection of general-utility scalar subroutines
Search for key in dictionary file
Save and restore selected file handle
Load functions only on demand
Run shell commands transparently within perl
Load the C socket.h defines and structure manipulators
Persistence for Perl data structures
Manipulate Perl symbols and their names
Try every conceivable way to get hostname
Perl interface to the UNIX syslog(3) calls
Win32 support for Sys::Syslog
Base class that provides common functionality to TAP::Parser
Base class for harness output delegates
Run Perl test scripts with color
Harness output delegate for default console output
Harness output delegate for parallel console output
Harness output delegate for default console output
Harness output delegate for file output
Harness output delegate for file output
Abstract base class for harness output delegate
Run test scripts with statistics
Base class that provides common functionality to all TAP::* modules
Parse TAP output
Aggregate TAP::Parser results
A grammar for the Test Anything Protocol.
Base class for TAP source iterators
Iterator for array-based TAP sources
Iterator for process-based TAP sources
Iterator for filehandle-based TAP sources
Figures out which SourceHandler objects to use for a given Source
Multiplex multiple TAP::Parsers
Base class for TAP::Parser output objects
Bailout result token.
Comment result token.
Plan result token.
TAP pragma token.
Test result token.
Unknown result token.
TAP syntax version token.
YAML result token.
Factory for creating TAP::Parser output objects
Schedule tests during parallel testing
A single testing job.
A no-op job.
A TAP source & meta data about it
Base class for different TAP source handlers
Stream output from an executable TAP source
Stream TAP from a text file.
Stream TAP from an IO::Handle or a GLOB.
Stream TAP from a Perl executable
Stream output from raw TAP in a scalar/array ref.
Internal TAP::Parser utilities
Read YAMLish data from iterator
Write YAMLish data
Color screen output using ANSI escape sequences
Perl termcap interface
Perl word completion module
Perl interface to various readline packages.
Term::ReadLine UI made easy
Provides a simple framework for writing test scripts
Backend for building test libraries
Base class for test modules
Test testsuites that have been built with
Turn on colour in Test::Builder::Tester
Run Perl standard test scripts with statistics
Yet another framework for writing test scripts
Basic utilities for writing tests.
A tutorial about writing really basic tests
Create an abbreviation table from a list
Extract delimited text sequences from strings.
Parse text into an array of tokens or array of arrays
Implementation of the soundex algorithm.
Expand and unexpand tabs per the unix expand(1) and unexpand(1)
Line wrapping to form simple paragraphs
Manipulate threads in Perl (for old code only)
Thread-safe queues
Thread-safe semaphores
Base class for tied arrays
Access the lines of a disk file via a Perl array
Base class definitions for tied handles
Base class definitions for tied hashes
Named regexp capture buffers
Add data to hash when needed
Use references as hash keys
Base class definitions for tied scalars
Base class definitions for tied handles
Fixed-table-size, fixed-key-length hashing
High resolution alarm, sleep, gettimeofday, interval timers
Efficiently compute time from local and GMT time
Object Oriented time objects
A simple API to convert seconds to other date values
By-name interface to Perl's built-in gmtime() function
By-name interface to Perl's built-in localtime() function
Internal object used by Time::gmtime and Time::localtime
Base class for ALL classes (blessed references)
Unicode Collation Algorithm
Weighting CJK Unified Ideographs
Weighting CJK Unified Ideographs
Weighting JIS KANJI for Unicode::Collate
Weighting CJK Unified Ideographs
Weighting CJK Unified Ideographs
Weighting CJK Unified Ideographs
Linguistic tailoring for DUCET via Unicode::Collate
Unicode Normalization Forms
Unicode character database
By-name interface to Perl's built-in getgr*() functions
By-name interface to Perl's built-in getpw*() functions
Perl extension to manipulate DCL symbols
Standard I/O functions via VMS extensions
A set of version requirements for a CPAN dist
Low-level access to Win32 system API calls for files/dirs.
Win32 CORE function stubs
Test the perl C API
Module to test the XS typemaps distributed with perl
Dynamically load C libraries into Perl code
Perl extension for Version Objects
To find out all modules installed on your system, including those without documentation or outside the standard release, just use the following command (under the default win32 shell, double quotes should be used instead of single quotes).
(The -T is here to prevent '.' from being listed in @INC.) They should all have their own documentation installed and accessible via your system man(1) command. If you do not have a find program, you can use the Perl find2perl program instead, which generates Perl code as output you can run through perl. If you have a man program but it doesn't find your modules, you'll have to fix your manpath. See perl for details. If you have no system man command, you might try the perldoc program.
Note also that the command perldoc perllocal gives you a (possibly incomplete) list of the modules that have been further installed on your system. (The perllocal.pod file is updated by the standard MakeMaker install process.)
Extension modules are written in C (or a mix of Perl and C). They are usually dynamically loaded into Perl if and when you need them, but may also be linked in statically. Supported extension modules include Socket, Fcntl, and POSIX.
Many popular C extension modules do not come bundled (at least, not completely) due to their sizes, volatility, or simply lack of time for adequate testing and configuration across the multitude of platforms on which Perl was beta-tested. You are encouraged to look for them on CPAN (described below), or using web search engines like Alta Vista or Google.
CPAN stands for Comprehensive Perl Archive Network; it's a globally replicated trove of Perl materials, including documentation, style guides, tricks and traps, alternate ports to non-Unix systems and occasional binary distributions for these. Search engines for CPAN can be found at http://www.cpan.org/
Most importantly, CPAN includes around a thousand unbundled modules, some of which require a C compiler to build. Major categories of modules are:
The list of the registered CPAN sites follows. Please note that the sorting order is alphabetical on fields:
and thus the North American servers happen to be listed between the European and the South American sites.
For an up-to-date listing of CPAN sites, see http://www.cpan.org/SITES or ftp://www.cpan.org/SITES .
(The following section is borrowed directly from Tim Bunce's modules file, available at your nearest CPAN site.)
Perl implements a class using a package, but the presence of a package doesn't imply the presence of a class. A package is just a namespace. A class is a package that provides subroutines that can be used as methods. A method is just a subroutine that expects, as its first argument, either the name of a package (for "static" methods), or a reference to something (for "virtual" methods).
A module is a file that (by convention) provides a class of the same name (sans the .pm), plus an import method in that class that can be called to fetch exported symbols. This module may implement some of its methods by loading dynamic C or C++ objects, but that should be totally transparent to the user of the module. Likewise, the module might set up an AUTOLOAD function to slurp in subroutine definitions on demand, but this is also transparent. Only the .pm file is required to exist. See perlsub, perltoot, and AutoLoader for details about the AUTOLOAD mechanism.
Perl does not enforce private and public parts of its modules as you may have been used to in other languages like C++, Ada, or Modula-17. Perl doesn't have an infatuation with enforced privacy. It would prefer that you stayed out of its living room because you weren't invited, not because it has a shotgun.
The module and its user have a contract, part of which is common law, and part of which is "written". Part of the common law contract is that a module doesn't pollute any namespace it wasn't asked to. The written contract for the module (A.K.A. documentation) may make other provisions. But then you know when you use RedefineTheWorld that you're redefining the world and willing to take the consequences.
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