int printf( const char* format, ... );
(until C99)int printf( const char* restrict format, ... );
(since C99) (2) int fprintf( FILE* stream, const char* format, ... ); (until C99) int fprintf( FILE* restrict stream, const char* restrict format, ... ); (since C99) (3)int sprintf( char* buffer, const char* format, ... );
(until C99)int sprintf( char* restrict buffer, const char* restrict format, ... );
(since C99) int snprintf( char* restrict buffer, size_t bufsz,int printf_s( const char* restrict format, ... );
(5) (since C11) int fprintf_s( FILE* restrict stream, const char* restrict format, ... ); (6) (since C11)int sprintf_s( char* restrict buffer, rsize_t bufsz,
const char* restrict format, ... );
int snprintf_s( char* restrict buffer, rsize_t bufsz,
const char* restrict format, ... );
Loads the data from the given locations, converts them to character string equivalents and writes the results to a variety of sinks/streams:
1)Writes the results to the output stream
stdout.
2) Writes the results to the output stream stream.
3) Writes the results to a character string buffer. The behavior is undefined if the string to be written (plus the terminating null character) exceeds the size of the array pointed to by buffer.
4) Writes the results to a character string buffer. At most bufsz - 1 characters are written. The resulting character string will be terminated with a null character, unless bufsz is zero. If bufsz is zero, nothing is written and buffer may be a null pointer, however the return value (number of bytes that would be written not including the null terminator) is still calculated and returned.
5-8)Same as
(1-4), except that the following errors are detected at runtime and call the currently installed
constraint handlerfunction:
%n is present in format%s is a null pointersprintf_s only), the string to be stored in buffer (including the trailing null) would exceed bufsz.printf_s, fprintf_s, sprintf_s, and snprintf_s are only guaranteed to be available if __STDC_LIB_EXT1__ is defined by the implementation and if the user defines __STDC_WANT_LIB_EXT1__ to the integer constant 1 before including <stdio.h>.
The format string consists of ordinary byte characters (except %), which are copied unchanged into the output stream, and conversion specifications. Each conversion specification has the following format:
% character.-: the result of the conversion is left-justified within the field (by default it is right-justified).+: the sign of signed conversions is always prepended to the result of the conversion (by default the result is preceded by minus only when it is negative).+ flag is present.#: alternative form of the conversion is performed. See the table below for exact effects otherwise the behavior is undefined.0: for integer and floating-point number conversions, leading zeros are used to pad the field instead of space characters. For integer numbers it is ignored if the precision is explicitly specified. For other conversions using this flag results in undefined behavior. It is ignored if - flag is present.* that specifies minimum field width. The result is padded with space characters (by default), if required, on the left when right-justified, or on the right if left-justified. In the case when * is used, the width is specified by an additional argument of type int, which appears before the argument to be converted and the argument supplying precision if one is supplied. If the value of the argument is negative, it results with the - flag specified and positive field width (Note: This is the minimum width: The value is never truncated.).. followed by integer number or *, or neither that specifies precision of the conversion. In the case when * is used, the precision is specified by an additional argument of type int, which appears before the argument to be converted, but after the argument supplying minimum field width if one is supplied. If the value of this argument is negative, it is ignored. If neither a number nor * is used, the precision is taken as zero. See the table below for exact effects of precision.The following format specifiers are available:
Conversion% Writes literal %. The full conversion specification must be %%. N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A c
Writes a single character.
int
wint_t
N/A N/A N/A N/A N/As
Writes a character string.
char*
wchar_t*
N/A N/A N/A N/A N/Ad
i
Converts a signed integer into decimal representation [-]dddd.
z modifier, the expected argument type is the signed version of size_t.signed char
short
int
long
long long
intmax_tâ»
ptrdiff_t N/Ao
Converts an unsigned integer into octal representation oooo.
unsigned char
unsigned short
unsigned int
unsigned long
unsigned long long
uintmax_t size_tunsigned version of
ptrdiff_t N/Ax
X
Converts an unsigned integer into hexadecimal representation hhhh.
x conversion letters abcdef are used.X conversion letters ABCDEF are used.0x or 0X is prefixed to results if the converted value is nonzero.u
Converts an unsigned integer into decimal representation dddd.
f
F (C99)
Converts floating-point number to the decimal notation in the style [-]ddd.ddd.
double
double (C99)
N/A N/A N/A N/Along double
e
E
Converts floating-point number to the decimal exponent notation.
e conversion style [-]d.ddd e±dd is used.E conversion style [-]d.ddd E±dd is used.a
A
(C99)
Converts floating-point number to the hexadecimal exponent notation.
a conversion style [-] 0xh.hhh p±d is used.A conversion style [-] 0Xh.hhh P±d is used.0 if the argument is a normalized floating-point value.g
G
Converts floating-point number to decimal or decimal exponent notation depending on the value and the precision.
g conversion style conversion with style e or f will be performed.G conversion style conversion with style E or f(until C99)F(since C99) will be performed.P equal the precision if nonzero, 6 if the precision is not specified, or 1 if the precision is â0â. Then, if a conversion with style E would have an exponent of X:
f or F(since C99) and precision P â 1 â X.e or E and precision P â 1.n
Returns the number of characters written so far by this call to the function.
z modifier, the expected argument type is S*, where S is the signed version of size_t.signed char*
short*
int*
long*
long long*
intmax_t*â»
ptrdiff_t* N/Ap
Writes an implementation defined character sequence defining a pointer.
N/A N/Avoid*
N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A NotesThe floating-point conversion functions convert infinity to inf or infinity. Which one is used is implementation defined.
Not-a-number is converted to nan or nan(char_sequence). Which one is used is implementation defined.
The conversions F, E, G, A output INF, INFINITY, NAN instead.
The conversion specifier used to print char, unsigned char, signed char, short, and unsigned short expects promoted types of default argument promotions, but before printing its value will be converted to char, unsigned char, signed char, short, and unsigned short. It is safe to pass values of these types because of the promotion that takes place when a variadic function is called.
The correct conversion specifications for the fixed-width character types (int8_t, etc) are defined in the header <inttypes.h> (although PRIdMAX, PRIuMAX, etc is synonymous with %jd, %ju, etc).
The memory-writing conversion specifier %n is a common target of security exploits where format strings depend on user input and is not supported by the bounds-checked printf_s family of functions(since C11).
There is a sequence point after the action of each conversion specifier; this permits storing multiple %n results in the same variable or, as an edge case, printing a string modified by an earlier %n within the same call.
If a conversion specification is invalid, the behavior is undefined.
[edit] Return value1,2) number of characters transmitted to the output stream or negative value if an output error or an encoding error (for string and character conversion specifiers) occurred.
3) number of characters written to buffer (not counting the terminating null character), or a negative value if an encoding error (for string and character conversion specifiers) occurred.
4) number of characters (not including the terminating null character) which would have been written to buffer if bufsz was ignored, or a negative value if an encoding error (for string and character conversion specifiers) occurred.
5,6) number of characters transmitted to the output stream or negative value if an output error, a runtime constraints violation error, or an encoding error occurred.
7) number of characters written to buffer, not counting the null character (which is always written as long as buffer is not a null pointer and bufsz is not zero and not greater than RSIZE_MAX), or zero on runtime constraint violations, and negative value on encoding errors.
8) number of characters not including the terminating null character (which is always written as long as buffer is not a null pointer and bufsz is not zero and not greater than RSIZE_MAX), which would have been written to buffer if bufsz was ignored, or a negative value if a runtime constraints violation or an encoding error occurred.
[edit] NotesThe C standard and POSIX specify that the behavior of sprintf and its variants is undefined when an argument overlaps with the destination buffer. Example:
sprintf(dst, "%s and %s", dst, t); // <- broken: undefined behavior
POSIX specifies that errno is set on error. It also specifies additional conversion specifications, most notably support for argument reordering (n$ immediately after % indicates nth argument).
Calling snprintf with zero bufsz and null pointer for buffer is useful to determine the necessary buffer size to contain the output:
const char fmt[] = "sqrt(2) = %f"; int sz = snprintf(NULL, 0, fmt, sqrt(2)); char buf[sz + 1]; // note +1 for terminating null byte snprintf(buf, sizeof buf, fmt, sqrt(2));
snprintf_s, just like snprintf, but unlike sprintf_s, will truncate the output to fit in bufsz - 1.
#include <inttypes.h>
#include <stdint.h>
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
const char* s = "Hello";
printf("Strings:\n"); // same as puts("Strings");
printf(" padding:\n");
printf("\t[%10s]\n", s);
printf("\t[%-10s]\n", s);
printf("\t[%*s]\n", 10, s);
printf(" truncating:\n");
printf("\t%.4s\n", s);
printf("\t%.*s\n", 3, s);
printf("Characters:\t%c %%\n", 'A');
printf("Integers:\n");
printf("\tDecimal:\t%i %d %.6i %i %.0i %+i %i\n",
1, 2, 3, 0, 0, 4,-4);
printf("\tHexadecimal:\t%x %x %X %#x\n", 5, 10, 10, 6);
printf("\tOctal:\t\t%o %#o %#o\n", 10, 10, 4);
printf("Floating-point:\n");
printf("\tRounding:\t%f %.0f %.32f\n", 1.5, 1.5, 1.3);
printf("\tPadding:\t%05.2f %.2f %5.2f\n", 1.5, 1.5, 1.5);
printf("\tScientific:\t%E %e\n", 1.5, 1.5);
printf("\tHexadecimal:\t%a %A\n", 1.5, 1.5);
printf("\tSpecial values:\t0/0=%g 1/0=%g\n", 0.0 / 0.0, 1.0 / 0.0);
printf("Fixed-width types:\n");
printf("\tLargest 32-bit value is %" PRIu32 " or %#" PRIx32 "\n",
UINT32_MAX, UINT32_MAX );
}
Possible output:
Strings:
padding:
[ Hello]
[Hello ]
[ Hello]
truncating:
Hell
Hel
Characters: A %
Integers:
Decimal: 1 2 000003 0 +4 -4
Hexadecimal: 5 a A 0x6
Octal: 12 012 04
Floating-point:
Rounding: 1.500000 2 1.30000000000000004440892098500626
Padding: 01.50 1.50 1.50
Scientific: 1.500000E+00 1.500000e+00
Hexadecimal: 0x1.8p+0 0X1.8P+0
Special values: 0/0=-nan 1/0=inf
Fixed-width types:
Largest 32-bit value is 4294967295 or 0xffffffff[edit] References
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