inspect â Inspect live objects¶
Source code: Lib/inspect.py
The inspect module provides several useful functions to help get information about live objects such as modules, classes, methods, functions, tracebacks, frame objects, and code objects. For example, it can help you examine the contents of a class, retrieve the source code of a method, extract and format the argument list for a function, or get all the information you need to display a detailed traceback.
There are four main kinds of services provided by this module: type checking, getting source code, inspecting classes and functions, and examining the interpreter stack.
Types and members¶The getmembers() function retrieves the members of an object such as a class or module. The functions whose names begin with âisâ are mainly provided as convenient choices for the second argument to getmembers(). They also help you determine when you can expect to find the following special attributes (see Import-related attributes on module objects for module attributes):
Type
Attribute
Description
class
__doc__
documentation string
__name__
name with which this class was defined
__qualname__
qualified name
__module__
name of module in which this class was defined
__type_params__
A tuple containing the type parameters of a generic class
method
__doc__
documentation string
__name__
name with which this method was defined
__qualname__
qualified name
__func__
function object containing implementation of method
__self__
instance to which this method is bound, or None
__module__
name of module in which this method was defined
function
__doc__
documentation string
__name__
name with which this function was defined
__qualname__
qualified name
__code__
code object containing compiled function bytecode
__defaults__
tuple of any default values for positional or keyword parameters
__kwdefaults__
mapping of any default values for keyword-only parameters
__globals__
global namespace in which this function was defined
__builtins__
builtins namespace
__annotations__
mapping of parameters names to annotations; "return" key is reserved for return annotations.
__type_params__
A tuple containing the type parameters of a generic function
__module__
name of module in which this function was defined
traceback
tb_frame
frame object at this level
tb_lasti
index of last attempted instruction in bytecode
tb_lineno
current line number in Python source code
tb_next
next inner traceback object (called by this level)
frame
f_back
next outer frame object (this frameâs caller)
f_builtins
builtins namespace seen by this frame
f_code
code object being executed in this frame
f_globals
global namespace seen by this frame
f_lasti
index of last attempted instruction in bytecode
f_lineno
current line number in Python source code
f_locals
local namespace seen by this frame
f_trace
tracing function for this frame, or None
code
co_argcount
number of arguments (not including keyword only arguments, * or ** args)
co_code
string of raw compiled bytecode
co_cellvars
tuple of names of cell variables (referenced by containing scopes)
co_consts
tuple of constants used in the bytecode
co_filename
name of file in which this code object was created
co_firstlineno
number of first line in Python source code
co_flags
bitmap of CO_* flags, read more here
co_lnotab
encoded mapping of line numbers to bytecode indices
co_freevars
tuple of names of free variables (referenced via a functionâs closure)
co_posonlyargcount
number of positional only arguments
co_kwonlyargcount
number of keyword only arguments (not including ** arg)
co_name
name with which this code object was defined
co_qualname
fully qualified name with which this code object was defined
co_names
tuple of names other than arguments and function locals
co_nlocals
number of local variables
co_stacksize
virtual machine stack space required
co_varnames
tuple of names of arguments and local variables
generator
__name__
name
__qualname__
qualified name
gi_frame
frame
gi_running
is the generator running?
gi_code
code
gi_yieldfrom
object being iterated by yield from, or None
async generator
__name__
name
__qualname__
qualified name
ag_await
object being awaited on, or None
ag_frame
frame
ag_running
is the generator running?
ag_code
code
coroutine
__name__
name
__qualname__
qualified name
cr_await
object being awaited on, or None
cr_frame
frame
cr_running
is the coroutine running?
cr_code
code
cr_origin
where coroutine was created, or None. See sys.set_coroutine_origin_tracking_depth()
builtin
__doc__
documentation string
__name__
original name of this function or method
__qualname__
qualified name
__self__
instance to which a method is bound, or None
Changed in version 3.5: Add __qualname__ and gi_yieldfrom attributes to generators.
The __name__ attribute of generators is now set from the function name, instead of the code name, and it can now be modified.
Changed in version 3.7: Add cr_origin attribute to coroutines.
Changed in version 3.10: Add __builtins__ attribute to functions.
Return all the members of an object in a list of (name, value) pairs sorted by name. If the optional predicate argumentâwhich will be called with the value object of each memberâis supplied, only members for which the predicate returns a true value are included.
Note
getmembers() will only return class attributes defined in the metaclass when the argument is a class and those attributes have been listed in the metaclassâ custom __dir__().
Return all the members of an object in a list of (name, value) pairs sorted by name without triggering dynamic lookup via the descriptor protocol, __getattr__ or __getattribute__. Optionally, only return members that satisfy a given predicate.
Note
getmembers_static() may not be able to retrieve all members that getmembers can fetch (like dynamically created attributes) and may find members that getmembers canât (like descriptors that raise AttributeError). It can also return descriptor objects instead of instance members in some cases.
Added in version 3.11.
Return the name of the module named by the file path, without including the names of enclosing packages. The file extension is checked against all of the entries in importlib.machinery.all_suffixes(). If it matches, the final path component is returned with the extension removed. Otherwise, None is returned.
Note that this function only returns a meaningful name for actual Python modules - paths that potentially refer to Python packages will still return None.
Changed in version 3.3: The function is based directly on importlib.
Return True if the object is a module.
Return True if the object is a class, whether built-in or created in Python code.
Return True if the object is a bound method written in Python.
Return True if the object is a Python function, which includes functions created by a lambda expression.
Return True if the object is a Python generator function.
Changed in version 3.8: Functions wrapped in functools.partial() now return True if the wrapped function is a Python generator function.
Changed in version 3.13: Functions wrapped in functools.partialmethod() now return True if the wrapped function is a Python generator function.
Return True if the object is a generator.
Return True if the object is a coroutine function (a function defined with an async def syntax), a functools.partial() wrapping a coroutine function, or a sync function marked with markcoroutinefunction().
Added in version 3.5.
Changed in version 3.8: Functions wrapped in functools.partial() now return True if the wrapped function is a coroutine function.
Changed in version 3.12: Sync functions marked with markcoroutinefunction() now return True.
Changed in version 3.13: Functions wrapped in functools.partialmethod() now return True if the wrapped function is a coroutine function.
Decorator to mark a callable as a coroutine function if it would not otherwise be detected by iscoroutinefunction().
This may be of use for sync functions that return a coroutine, if the function is passed to an API that requires iscoroutinefunction().
When possible, using an async def function is preferred. Also acceptable is calling the function and testing the return with iscoroutine().
Added in version 3.12.
Return True if the object is a coroutine created by an async def function.
Added in version 3.5.
Return True if the object can be used in await expression.
Can also be used to distinguish generator-based coroutines from regular generators:
import types
def gen():
yield
@types.coroutine
def gen_coro():
yield
assert not isawaitable(gen())
assert isawaitable(gen_coro())
Added in version 3.5.
Return True if the object is an asynchronous generator function, for example:
>>> async def agen(): ... yield 1 ... >>> inspect.isasyncgenfunction(agen) True
Added in version 3.6.
Changed in version 3.8: Functions wrapped in functools.partial() now return True if the wrapped function is an asynchronous generator function.
Changed in version 3.13: Functions wrapped in functools.partialmethod() now return True if the wrapped function is a coroutine function.
Return True if the object is an asynchronous generator iterator created by an asynchronous generator function.
Added in version 3.6.
Return True if the object is a traceback.
Return True if the object is a frame.
Return True if the object is a code.
Return True if the object is a built-in function or a bound built-in method.
Return True if the type of object is a MethodWrapperType.
These are instances of MethodWrapperType, such as __str__(), __eq__() and __repr__().
Added in version 3.11.
Return True if the object is a user-defined or built-in function or method.
Return True if the object is an abstract base class.
Return True if the object is a method descriptor, but not if ismethod(), isclass(), isfunction() or isbuiltin() are true.
This, for example, is true of int.__add__. An object passing this test has a __get__() method, but not a __set__() method or a __delete__() method. Beyond that, the set of attributes varies. A __name__ attribute is usually sensible, and __doc__ often is.
Methods implemented via descriptors that also pass one of the other tests return False from the ismethoddescriptor() test, simply because the other tests promise more â you can, e.g., count on having the __func__ attribute (etc) when an object passes ismethod().
Changed in version 3.13: This function no longer incorrectly reports objects with __get__() and __delete__(), but not __set__(), as being method descriptors (such objects are data descriptors, not method descriptors).
Return True if the object is a data descriptor.
Data descriptors have a __set__ or a __delete__ method. Examples are properties (defined in Python), getsets, and members. The latter two are defined in C and there are more specific tests available for those types, which is robust across Python implementations. Typically, data descriptors will also have __name__ and __doc__ attributes (properties, getsets, and members have both of these attributes), but this is not guaranteed.
Return True if the object is a getset descriptor.
CPython implementation detail: getsets are attributes defined in extension modules via PyGetSetDef structures. For Python implementations without such types, this method will always return False.
Return True if the object is a member descriptor.
CPython implementation detail: Member descriptors are attributes defined in extension modules via PyMemberDef structures. For Python implementations without such types, this method will always return False.
Get the documentation string for an object, cleaned up with cleandoc(). If the documentation string for an object is not provided and the object is a class, a method, a property or a descriptor, retrieve the documentation string from the inheritance hierarchy. Return None if the documentation string is invalid or missing.
Changed in version 3.5: Documentation strings are now inherited if not overridden.
Return in a single string any lines of comments immediately preceding the objectâs source code (for a class, function, or method), or at the top of the Python source file (if the object is a module). If the objectâs source code is unavailable, return None. This could happen if the object has been defined in C or the interactive shell.
Return the name of the (text or binary) file in which an object was defined. This will fail with a TypeError if the object is a built-in module, class, or function.
Try to guess which module an object was defined in. Return None if the module cannot be determined.
Return the name of the Python source file in which an object was defined or None if no way can be identified to get the source. This will fail with a TypeError if the object is a built-in module, class, or function.
Return a list of source lines and starting line number for an object. The argument may be a module, class, method, function, traceback, frame, or code object. The source code is returned as a list of the lines corresponding to the object and the line number indicates where in the original source file the first line of code was found. An OSError is raised if the source code cannot be retrieved. A TypeError is raised if the object is a built-in module, class, or function.
Changed in version 3.3: OSError is raised instead of IOError, now an alias of the former.
Return the text of the source code for an object. The argument may be a module, class, method, function, traceback, frame, or code object. The source code is returned as a single string. An OSError is raised if the source code cannot be retrieved. A TypeError is raised if the object is a built-in module, class, or function.
Changed in version 3.3: OSError is raised instead of IOError, now an alias of the former.
Clean up indentation from docstrings that are indented to line up with blocks of code.
All leading whitespace is removed from the first line. Any leading whitespace that can be uniformly removed from the second line onwards is removed. Empty lines at the beginning and end are subsequently removed. Also, all tabs are expanded to spaces.
Added in version 3.3.
The Signature object represents the call signature of a callable object and its return annotation. To retrieve a Signature object, use the signature() function.
Return a Signature object for the given callable:
>>> from inspect import signature >>> def foo(a, *, b:int, **kwargs): ... pass >>> sig = signature(foo) >>> str(sig) '(a, *, b: int, **kwargs)' >>> str(sig.parameters['b']) 'b: int' >>> sig.parameters['b'].annotation <class 'int'>
Accepts a wide range of Python callables, from plain functions and classes to functools.partial() objects.
For objects defined in modules using stringized annotations (from __future__ import annotations), signature() will attempt to automatically un-stringize the annotations using get_annotations(). The globals, locals, and eval_str parameters are passed into get_annotations() when resolving the annotations; see the documentation for get_annotations() for instructions on how to use these parameters.
Raises ValueError if no signature can be provided, and TypeError if that type of object is not supported. Also, if the annotations are stringized, and eval_str is not false, the eval() call(s) to un-stringize the annotations in get_annotations() could potentially raise any kind of exception.
A slash(/) in the signature of a function denotes that the parameters prior to it are positional-only. For more info, see the FAQ entry on positional-only parameters.
Changed in version 3.5: The follow_wrapped parameter was added. Pass False to get a signature of callable specifically (callable.__wrapped__ will not be used to unwrap decorated callables.)
Changed in version 3.10: The globals, locals, and eval_str parameters were added.
Note
Some callables may not be introspectable in certain implementations of Python. For example, in CPython, some built-in functions defined in C provide no metadata about their arguments.
CPython implementation detail: If the passed object has a __signature__ attribute, we may use it to create the signature. The exact semantics are an implementation detail and are subject to unannounced changes. Consult the source code for current semantics.
A Signature object represents the call signature of a function and its return annotation. For each parameter accepted by the function it stores a Parameter object in its parameters collection.
The optional parameters argument is a sequence of Parameter objects, which is validated to check that there are no parameters with duplicate names, and that the parameters are in the right order, i.e. positional-only first, then positional-or-keyword, and that parameters with defaults follow parameters without defaults.
The optional return_annotation argument can be an arbitrary Python object. It represents the âreturnâ annotation of the callable.
Signature objects are immutable. Use Signature.replace() or copy.replace() to make a modified copy.
Changed in version 3.5: Signature objects are now picklable and hashable.
A special class-level marker to specify absence of a return annotation.
An ordered mapping of parametersâ names to the corresponding Parameter objects. Parameters appear in strict definition order, including keyword-only parameters.
Changed in version 3.7: Python only explicitly guaranteed that it preserved the declaration order of keyword-only parameters as of version 3.7, although in practice this order had always been preserved in Python 3.
The âreturnâ annotation for the callable. If the callable has no âreturnâ annotation, this attribute is set to Signature.empty.
Create a mapping from positional and keyword arguments to parameters. Returns BoundArguments if *args and **kwargs match the signature, or raises a TypeError.
Works the same way as Signature.bind(), but allows the omission of some required arguments (mimics functools.partial() behavior.) Returns BoundArguments, or raises a TypeError if the passed arguments do not match the signature.
Create a new Signature instance based on the instance replace() was invoked on. It is possible to pass different parameters and/or return_annotation to override the corresponding properties of the base signature. To remove return_annotation from the copied Signature, pass in Signature.empty.
>>> def test(a, b): ... pass ... >>> sig = signature(test) >>> new_sig = sig.replace(return_annotation="new return anno") >>> str(new_sig) "(a, b) -> 'new return anno'"
Signature objects are also supported by the generic function copy.replace().
Create a string representation of the Signature object.
If max_width is passed, the method will attempt to fit the signature into lines of at most max_width characters. If the signature is longer than max_width, all parameters will be on separate lines.
Added in version 3.13.
Return a Signature (or its subclass) object for a given callable obj.
This method simplifies subclassing of Signature:
class MySignature(Signature):
pass
sig = MySignature.from_callable(sum)
assert isinstance(sig, MySignature)
Its behavior is otherwise identical to that of signature().
Added in version 3.5.
Changed in version 3.10: The globals, locals, and eval_str parameters were added.
Parameter objects are immutable. Instead of modifying a Parameter object, you can use Parameter.replace() or copy.replace() to create a modified copy.
Changed in version 3.5: Parameter objects are now picklable and hashable.
A special class-level marker to specify absence of default values and annotations.
The name of the parameter as a string. The name must be a valid Python identifier.
CPython implementation detail: CPython generates implicit parameter names of the form .0 on the code objects used to implement comprehensions and generator expressions.
Changed in version 3.6: These parameter names are now exposed by this module as names like implicit0.
The default value for the parameter. If the parameter has no default value, this attribute is set to Parameter.empty.
The annotation for the parameter. If the parameter has no annotation, this attribute is set to Parameter.empty.
Describes how argument values are bound to the parameter. The possible values are accessible via Parameter (like Parameter.KEYWORD_ONLY), and support comparison and ordering, in the following order:
Name
Meaning
POSITIONAL_ONLY
Value must be supplied as a positional argument. Positional only parameters are those which appear before a / entry (if present) in a Python function definition.
POSITIONAL_OR_KEYWORD
Value may be supplied as either a keyword or positional argument (this is the standard binding behaviour for functions implemented in Python.)
VAR_POSITIONAL
A tuple of positional arguments that arenât bound to any other parameter. This corresponds to a *args parameter in a Python function definition.
KEYWORD_ONLY
Value must be supplied as a keyword argument. Keyword only parameters are those which appear after a * or *args entry in a Python function definition.
VAR_KEYWORD
A dict of keyword arguments that arenât bound to any other parameter. This corresponds to a **kwargs parameter in a Python function definition.
Example: print all keyword-only arguments without default values:
>>> def foo(a, b, *, c, d=10):
... pass
>>> sig = signature(foo)
>>> for param in sig.parameters.values():
... if (param.kind == param.KEYWORD_ONLY and
... param.default is param.empty):
... print('Parameter:', param)
Parameter: c
Describes an enum value of Parameter.kind.
Added in version 3.8.
Example: print all descriptions of arguments:
>>> def foo(a, b, *, c, d=10): ... pass >>> sig = signature(foo) >>> for param in sig.parameters.values(): ... print(param.kind.description) positional or keyword positional or keyword keyword-only keyword-only
Create a new Parameter instance based on the instance replaced was invoked on. To override a Parameter attribute, pass the corresponding argument. To remove a default value or/and an annotation from a Parameter, pass Parameter.empty.
>>> from inspect import Parameter
>>> param = Parameter('foo', Parameter.KEYWORD_ONLY, default=42)
>>> str(param)
'foo=42'
>>> str(param.replace()) # Will create a shallow copy of 'param'
'foo=42'
>>> str(param.replace(default=Parameter.empty, annotation='spam'))
"foo: 'spam'"
Parameter objects are also supported by the generic function copy.replace().
Changed in version 3.4: In Python 3.3 Parameter objects were allowed to have name set to None if their kind was set to POSITIONAL_ONLY. This is no longer permitted.
Result of a Signature.bind() or Signature.bind_partial() call. Holds the mapping of arguments to the functionâs parameters.
A mutable mapping of parametersâ names to argumentsâ values. Contains only explicitly bound arguments. Changes in arguments will reflect in args and kwargs.
Should be used in conjunction with Signature.parameters for any argument processing purposes.
Changed in version 3.9: arguments is now of type dict. Formerly, it was of type collections.OrderedDict.
A tuple of positional arguments values. Dynamically computed from the arguments attribute.
A dict of keyword arguments values. Dynamically computed from the arguments attribute. Arguments that can be passed positionally are included in args instead.
A reference to the parent Signature object.
Set default values for missing arguments.
For variable-positional arguments (*args) the default is an empty tuple.
For variable-keyword arguments (**kwargs) the default is an empty dict.
>>> def foo(a, b='ham', *args): pass
>>> ba = inspect.signature(foo).bind('spam')
>>> ba.apply_defaults()
>>> ba.arguments
{'a': 'spam', 'b': 'ham', 'args': ()}
Added in version 3.5.
The args and kwargs properties can be used to invoke functions:
def test(a, *, b):
...
sig = signature(test)
ba = sig.bind(10, b=20)
test(*ba.args, **ba.kwargs)
See also
The detailed specification, implementation details and examples.
Arrange the given list of classes into a hierarchy of nested lists. Where a nested list appears, it contains classes derived from the class whose entry immediately precedes the list. Each entry is a 2-tuple containing a class and a tuple of its base classes. If the unique argument is true, exactly one entry appears in the returned structure for each class in the given list. Otherwise, classes using multiple inheritance and their descendants will appear multiple times.
Get the names and default values of a Python functionâs parameters. A named tuple is returned:
FullArgSpec(args, varargs, varkw, defaults, kwonlyargs, kwonlydefaults, annotations)
args is a list of the positional parameter names. varargs is the name of the * parameter or None if arbitrary positional arguments are not accepted. varkw is the name of the ** parameter or None if arbitrary keyword arguments are not accepted. defaults is an n-tuple of default argument values corresponding to the last n positional parameters, or None if there are no such defaults defined. kwonlyargs is a list of keyword-only parameter names in declaration order. kwonlydefaults is a dictionary mapping parameter names from kwonlyargs to the default values used if no argument is supplied. annotations is a dictionary mapping parameter names to annotations. The special key "return" is used to report the function return value annotation (if any).
Note that signature() and Signature Object provide the recommended API for callable introspection, and support additional behaviours (like positional-only arguments) that are sometimes encountered in extension module APIs. This function is retained primarily for use in code that needs to maintain compatibility with the Python 2 inspect module API.
Changed in version 3.4: This function is now based on signature(), but still ignores __wrapped__ attributes and includes the already bound first parameter in the signature output for bound methods.
Changed in version 3.6: This method was previously documented as deprecated in favour of signature() in Python 3.5, but that decision has been reversed in order to restore a clearly supported standard interface for single-source Python 2/3 code migrating away from the legacy getargspec() API.
Changed in version 3.7: Python only explicitly guaranteed that it preserved the declaration order of keyword-only parameters as of version 3.7, although in practice this order had always been preserved in Python 3.
Get information about arguments passed into a particular frame. A named tuple ArgInfo(args, varargs, keywords, locals) is returned. args is a list of the argument names. varargs and keywords are the names of the * and ** arguments or None. locals is the locals dictionary of the given frame.
Note
This function was inadvertently marked as deprecated in Python 3.5.
Format a pretty argument spec from the four values returned by getargvalues(). The format* arguments are the corresponding optional formatting functions that are called to turn names and values into strings.
Note
This function was inadvertently marked as deprecated in Python 3.5.
Return a tuple of class clsâs base classes, including cls, in method resolution order. No class appears more than once in this tuple. Note that the method resolution order depends on clsâs type. Unless a very peculiar user-defined metatype is in use, cls will be the first element of the tuple.
Bind the args and kwds to the argument names of the Python function or method func, as if it was called with them. For bound methods, bind also the first argument (typically named self) to the associated instance. A dict is returned, mapping the argument names (including the names of the * and ** arguments, if any) to their values from args and kwds. In case of invoking func incorrectly, i.e. whenever func(*args, **kwds) would raise an exception because of incompatible signature, an exception of the same type and the same or similar message is raised. For example:
>>> from inspect import getcallargs
>>> def f(a, b=1, *pos, **named):
... pass
...
>>> getcallargs(f, 1, 2, 3) == {'a': 1, 'named': {}, 'b': 2, 'pos': (3,)}
True
>>> getcallargs(f, a=2, x=4) == {'a': 2, 'named': {'x': 4}, 'b': 1, 'pos': ()}
True
>>> getcallargs(f)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
TypeError: f() missing 1 required positional argument: 'a'
Added in version 3.2.
Deprecated since version 3.5: Use Signature.bind() and Signature.bind_partial() instead.
Get the mapping of external name references in a Python function or method func to their current values. A named tuple ClosureVars(nonlocals, globals, builtins, unbound) is returned. nonlocals maps referenced names to lexical closure variables, globals to the functionâs module globals and builtins to the builtins visible from the function body. unbound is the set of names referenced in the function that could not be resolved at all given the current module globals and builtins.
TypeError is raised if func is not a Python function or method.
Added in version 3.3.
Get the object wrapped by func. It follows the chain of __wrapped__ attributes returning the last object in the chain.
stop is an optional callback accepting an object in the wrapper chain as its sole argument that allows the unwrapping to be terminated early if the callback returns a true value. If the callback never returns a true value, the last object in the chain is returned as usual. For example, signature() uses this to stop unwrapping if any object in the chain has a __signature__ attribute defined.
ValueError is raised if a cycle is encountered.
Added in version 3.4.
Compute the annotations dict for an object.
obj may be a callable, class, or module. Passing in an object of any other type raises TypeError.
Returns a dict. get_annotations() returns a new dict every time itâs called; calling it twice on the same object will return two different but equivalent dicts.
This function handles several details for you:
If eval_str is true, values of type str will be un-stringized using eval(). This is intended for use with stringized annotations (from __future__ import annotations).
If obj doesnât have an annotations dict, returns an empty dict. (Functions and methods always have an annotations dict; classes, modules, and other types of callables may not.)
Ignores inherited annotations on classes. If a class doesnât have its own annotations dict, returns an empty dict.
All accesses to object members and dict values are done using getattr() and dict.get() for safety.
Always, always, always returns a freshly created dict.
eval_str controls whether or not values of type str are replaced with the result of calling eval() on those values:
If eval_str is true, eval() is called on values of type str. (Note that get_annotations doesnât catch exceptions; if eval() raises an exception, it will unwind the stack past the get_annotations call.)
If eval_str is false (the default), values of type str are unchanged.
globals and locals are passed in to eval(); see the documentation for eval() for more information. If globals or locals is None, this function may replace that value with a context-specific default, contingent on type(obj):
If obj is a module, globals defaults to obj.__dict__.
If obj is a class, globals defaults to sys.modules[obj.__module__].__dict__ and locals defaults to the obj class namespace.
If obj is a callable, globals defaults to obj.__globals__, although if obj is a wrapped function (using functools.update_wrapper()) it is first unwrapped.
Calling get_annotations is best practice for accessing the annotations dict of any object. See Annotations Best Practices for more information on annotations best practices.
Added in version 3.10.
Some of the following functions return FrameInfo objects. For backwards compatibility these objects allow tuple-like operations on all attributes except positions. This behavior is considered deprecated and may be removed in the future.
The frame object that the record corresponds to.
The file name associated with the code being executed by the frame this record corresponds to.
The line number of the current line associated with the code being executed by the frame this record corresponds to.
The function name that is being executed by the frame this record corresponds to.
A list of lines of context from the source code thatâs being executed by the frame this record corresponds to.
The index of the current line being executed in the code_context list.
A dis.Positions object containing the start line number, end line number, start column offset, and end column offset associated with the instruction being executed by the frame this record corresponds to.
Changed in version 3.5: Return a named tuple instead of a tuple.
Changed in version 3.11: FrameInfo is now a class instance (that is backwards compatible with the previous named tuple).
The file name associated with the code being executed by the frame this traceback corresponds to.
The line number of the current line associated with the code being executed by the frame this traceback corresponds to.
The function name that is being executed by the frame this traceback corresponds to.
A list of lines of context from the source code thatâs being executed by the frame this traceback corresponds to.
The index of the current line being executed in the code_context list.
A dis.Positions object containing the start line number, end line number, start column offset, and end column offset associated with the instruction being executed by the frame this traceback corresponds to.
Changed in version 3.11: Traceback is now a class instance (that is backwards compatible with the previous named tuple).
Note
Keeping references to frame objects, as found in the first element of the frame records these functions return, can cause your program to create reference cycles. Once a reference cycle has been created, the lifespan of all objects which can be accessed from the objects which form the cycle can become much longer even if Pythonâs optional cycle detector is enabled. If such cycles must be created, it is important to ensure they are explicitly broken to avoid the delayed destruction of objects and increased memory consumption which occurs.
Though the cycle detector will catch these, destruction of the frames (and local variables) can be made deterministic by removing the cycle in a finally clause. This is also important if the cycle detector was disabled when Python was compiled or using gc.disable(). For example:
def handle_stackframe_without_leak():
frame = inspect.currentframe()
try:
# do something with the frame
finally:
del frame
If you want to keep the frame around (for example to print a traceback later), you can also break reference cycles by using the frame.clear() method.
The optional context argument supported by most of these functions specifies the number of lines of context to return, which are centered around the current line.
Get information about a frame or traceback object. A Traceback object is returned.
Changed in version 3.11: A Traceback object is returned instead of a named tuple.
Get a list of FrameInfo objects for a frame and all outer frames. These frames represent the calls that lead to the creation of frame. The first entry in the returned list represents frame; the last entry represents the outermost call on frameâs stack.
Changed in version 3.5: A list of named tuples FrameInfo(frame, filename, lineno, function, code_context, index) is returned.
Changed in version 3.11: A list of FrameInfo objects is returned.
Get a list of FrameInfo objects for a tracebackâs frame and all inner frames. These frames represent calls made as a consequence of frame. The first entry in the list represents traceback; the last entry represents where the exception was raised.
Changed in version 3.5: A list of named tuples FrameInfo(frame, filename, lineno, function, code_context, index) is returned.
Changed in version 3.11: A list of FrameInfo objects is returned.
Return the frame object for the callerâs stack frame.
CPython implementation detail: This function relies on Python stack frame support in the interpreter, which isnât guaranteed to exist in all implementations of Python. If running in an implementation without Python stack frame support this function returns None.
Return a list of FrameInfo objects for the callerâs stack. The first entry in the returned list represents the caller; the last entry represents the outermost call on the stack.
Changed in version 3.5: A list of named tuples FrameInfo(frame, filename, lineno, function, code_context, index) is returned.
Changed in version 3.11: A list of FrameInfo objects is returned.
Return a list of FrameInfo objects for the stack between the current frame and the frame in which an exception currently being handled was raised in. The first entry in the list represents the caller; the last entry represents where the exception was raised.
Changed in version 3.5: A list of named tuples FrameInfo(frame, filename, lineno, function, code_context, index) is returned.
Changed in version 3.11: A list of FrameInfo objects is returned.
Both getattr() and hasattr() can trigger code execution when fetching or checking for the existence of attributes. Descriptors, like properties, will be invoked and __getattr__() and __getattribute__() may be called.
For cases where you want passive introspection, like documentation tools, this can be inconvenient. getattr_static() has the same signature as getattr() but avoids executing code when it fetches attributes.
Retrieve attributes without triggering dynamic lookup via the descriptor protocol, __getattr__() or __getattribute__().
Note: this function may not be able to retrieve all attributes that getattr can fetch (like dynamically created attributes) and may find attributes that getattr canât (like descriptors that raise AttributeError). It can also return descriptors objects instead of instance members.
If the instance __dict__ is shadowed by another member (for example a property) then this function will be unable to find instance members.
Added in version 3.2.
getattr_static() does not resolve descriptors, for example slot descriptors or getset descriptors on objects implemented in C. The descriptor object is returned instead of the underlying attribute.
You can handle these with code like the following. Note that for arbitrary getset descriptors invoking these may trigger code execution:
# example code for resolving the builtin descriptor types
class _foo:
__slots__ = ['foo']
slot_descriptor = type(_foo.foo)
getset_descriptor = type(type(open(__file__)).name)
wrapper_descriptor = type(str.__dict__['__add__'])
descriptor_types = (slot_descriptor, getset_descriptor, wrapper_descriptor)
result = getattr_static(some_object, 'foo')
if type(result) in descriptor_types:
try:
result = result.__get__()
except AttributeError:
# descriptors can raise AttributeError to
# indicate there is no underlying value
# in which case the descriptor itself will
# have to do
pass
Current State of Generators, Coroutines, and Asynchronous Generators¶
When implementing coroutine schedulers and for other advanced uses of generators, it is useful to determine whether a generator is currently executing, is waiting to start or resume or execution, or has already terminated. getgeneratorstate() allows the current state of a generator to be determined easily.
Get current state of a generator-iterator.
Possible states are:
GEN_CREATED: Waiting to start execution.
GEN_RUNNING: Currently being executed by the interpreter.
GEN_SUSPENDED: Currently suspended at a yield expression.
GEN_CLOSED: Execution has completed.
Added in version 3.2.
Get current state of a coroutine object. The function is intended to be used with coroutine objects created by async def functions, but will accept any coroutine-like object that has cr_running and cr_frame attributes.
Possible states are:
CORO_CREATED: Waiting to start execution.
CORO_RUNNING: Currently being executed by the interpreter.
CORO_SUSPENDED: Currently suspended at an await expression.
CORO_CLOSED: Execution has completed.
Added in version 3.5.
Get current state of an asynchronous generator object. The function is intended to be used with asynchronous iterator objects created by async def functions which use the yield statement, but will accept any asynchronous generator-like object that has ag_running and ag_frame attributes.
Possible states are:
AGEN_CREATED: Waiting to start execution.
AGEN_RUNNING: Currently being executed by the interpreter.
AGEN_SUSPENDED: Currently suspended at a yield expression.
AGEN_CLOSED: Execution has completed.
Added in version 3.12.
The current internal state of the generator can also be queried. This is mostly useful for testing purposes, to ensure that internal state is being updated as expected:
Get the mapping of live local variables in generator to their current values. A dictionary is returned that maps from variable names to values. This is the equivalent of calling locals() in the body of the generator, and all the same caveats apply.
If generator is a generator with no currently associated frame, then an empty dictionary is returned. TypeError is raised if generator is not a Python generator object.
CPython implementation detail: This function relies on the generator exposing a Python stack frame for introspection, which isnât guaranteed to be the case in all implementations of Python. In such cases, this function will always return an empty dictionary.
Added in version 3.3.
This function is analogous to getgeneratorlocals(), but works for coroutine objects created by async def functions.
Added in version 3.5.
This function is analogous to getgeneratorlocals(), but works for asynchronous generator objects created by async def functions which use the yield statement.
Added in version 3.12.
Python code objects have a co_flags attribute, which is a bitmap of the following flags:
The code object is optimized, using fast locals.
If set, a new dict will be created for the frameâs f_locals when the code object is executed.
The code object has a variable positional parameter (*args-like).
The code object has a variable keyword parameter (**kwargs-like).
The flag is set when the code object is a nested function.
The flag is set when the code object is a generator function, i.e. a generator object is returned when the code object is executed.
The flag is set when the code object is a coroutine function. When the code object is executed it returns a coroutine object. See PEP 492 for more details.
Added in version 3.5.
The flag is used to transform generators into generator-based coroutines. Generator objects with this flag can be used in await expression, and can yield from coroutine objects. See PEP 492 for more details.
Added in version 3.5.
The flag is set when the code object is an asynchronous generator function. When the code object is executed it returns an asynchronous generator object. See PEP 525 for more details.
Added in version 3.6.
Note
The flags are specific to CPython, and may not be defined in other Python implementations. Furthermore, the flags are an implementation detail, and can be removed or deprecated in future Python releases. Itâs recommended to use public APIs from the inspect module for any introspection needs.
This is an enum.IntFlag that represents the flags that can be passed to the __buffer__() method of objects implementing the buffer protocol.
The meaning of the flags is explained at Buffer request types.
Added in version 3.12.
The inspect module also provides a basic introspection capability from the command line.
By default, accepts the name of a module and prints the source of that module. A class or function within the module can be printed instead by appended a colon and the qualified name of the target object.
Print information about the specified object rather than the source code
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