Executor, ExecutorService
public class ForkJoinPool extends AbstractExecutorService
An
ExecutorService
for running
ForkJoinTask
s. A
ForkJoinPool
provides the entry point for submissions from non-
ForkJoinTask
clients, as well as management and monitoring operations.
A ForkJoinPool differs from other kinds of ExecutorService mainly by virtue of employing work-stealing: all threads in the pool attempt to find and execute tasks submitted to the pool and/or created by other active tasks (eventually blocking waiting for work if none exist). This enables efficient processing when most tasks spawn other subtasks (as do most ForkJoinTasks), as well as when many small tasks are submitted to the pool from external clients. Especially when setting asyncMode to true in constructors, ForkJoinPools may also be appropriate for use with event-style tasks that are never joined. All worker threads are initialized with Thread.isDaemon() set true.
A static commonPool() is available and appropriate for most applications. The common pool is used by any ForkJoinTask that is not explicitly submitted to a specified pool. Using the common pool normally reduces resource usage (its threads are slowly reclaimed during periods of non-use, and reinstated upon subsequent use).
For applications that require separate or custom pools, a ForkJoinPool may be constructed with a given target parallelism level; by default, equal to the number of available processors. The pool attempts to maintain enough active (or available) threads by dynamically adding, suspending, or resuming internal worker threads, even if some tasks are stalled waiting to join others. However, no such adjustments are guaranteed in the face of blocked I/O or other unmanaged synchronization. The nested ForkJoinPool.ManagedBlocker interface enables extension of the kinds of synchronization accommodated. The default policies may be overridden using a constructor with parameters corresponding to those documented in class ThreadPoolExecutor.
In addition to execution and lifecycle control methods, this class provides status check methods (for example getStealCount()) that are intended to aid in developing, tuning, and monitoring fork/join applications. Also, method toString() returns indications of pool state in a convenient form for informal monitoring.
As is the case with other ExecutorServices, there are three main task execution methods summarized in the following table. These are designed to be used primarily by clients not already engaged in fork/join computations in the current pool. The main forms of these methods accept instances of ForkJoinTask, but overloaded forms also allow mixed execution of plain Runnable- or Callable- based activities as well. However, tasks that are already executing in a pool should normally instead use the within-computation forms listed in the table unless using async event-style tasks that are not usually joined, in which case there is little difference among choice of methods.
The parameters used to construct the common pool may be controlled by setting the following system properties:
java.util.concurrent.ForkJoinPool.common.parallelism - the parallelism level, a non-negative integerjava.util.concurrent.ForkJoinPool.common.threadFactory - the class name of a ForkJoinPool.ForkJoinWorkerThreadFactory. The system class loader is used to load this class.java.util.concurrent.ForkJoinPool.common.exceptionHandler - the class name of a Thread.UncaughtExceptionHandler. The system class loader is used to load this class.java.util.concurrent.ForkJoinPool.common.maximumSpares - the maximum number of allowed extra threads to maintain target parallelism (default 256).If no thread factory is supplied via a system property, then the common pool uses a factory that uses the system class loader as the
thread context class loader. In addition, if a
SecurityManager
is present, then the common pool uses a factory supplying threads that have no
Permissions
enabled. Upon any error in establishing these settings, default parameters are used. It is possible to disable or limit the use of threads in the common pool by setting the parallelism property to zero, and/or using a factory that may return
null
. However doing so may cause unjoined tasks to never be executed.
Implementation notes: This implementation restricts the maximum number of running threads to 32767. Attempts to create pools with greater than the maximum number result in IllegalArgumentException.
This implementation rejects submitted tasks (that is, by throwing RejectedExecutionException) only when the pool is shut down or internal resources have been exhausted.
ForkJoinPool()
Creates a
ForkJoinPool
with parallelism equal to
Runtime.availableProcessors()
, using defaults for all other parameters (see
ForkJoinPool(int, ForkJoinWorkerThreadFactory, UncaughtExceptionHandler, boolean, int, int, int, Predicate, long, TimeUnit)
).
ForkJoinPool(int parallelism)
Creates a
ForkJoinPool
with the indicated parallelism level, using defaults for all other parameters (see
ForkJoinPool(int, ForkJoinWorkerThreadFactory, UncaughtExceptionHandler, boolean, int, int, int, Predicate, long, TimeUnit)
).
ForkJoinPool(int parallelism, ForkJoinPool.ForkJoinWorkerThreadFactory factory, Thread.UncaughtExceptionHandler handler, boolean asyncMode)
Creates a
ForkJoinPool
with the given parameters (using defaults for others -- see
ForkJoinPool(int, ForkJoinWorkerThreadFactory, UncaughtExceptionHandler, boolean, int, int, int, Predicate, long, TimeUnit)
).
ForkJoinPool(int parallelism, ForkJoinPool.ForkJoinWorkerThreadFactory factory, Thread.UncaughtExceptionHandler handler, boolean asyncMode, int corePoolSize, int maximumPoolSize, int minimumRunnable, Predicate<? super ForkJoinPool> saturate, long keepAliveTime, TimeUnit unit)
Creates a ForkJoinPool with the given parameters.
boolean awaitQuiescence(long timeout, TimeUnit unit)
If called by a ForkJoinTask operating in this pool, equivalent in effect to
ForkJoinTask.helpQuiesce()
.
boolean awaitTermination(long timeout, TimeUnit unit)
Blocks until all tasks have completed execution after a shutdown request, or the timeout occurs, or the current thread is interrupted, whichever happens first.
static ForkJoinPool commonPool()
Returns the common pool instance.
protected int drainTasksTo(Collection<? super ForkJoinTask<?>> c)
Removes all available unexecuted submitted and forked tasks from scheduling queues and adds them to the given collection, without altering their execution status.
void execute(Runnable task)
Executes the given command at some time in the future.
void execute(ForkJoinTask<?> task)
Arranges for (asynchronous) execution of the given task.
int getActiveThreadCount()
Returns an estimate of the number of threads that are currently stealing or executing tasks.
boolean getAsyncMode()
Returns true if this pool uses local first-in-first-out scheduling mode for forked tasks that are never joined.
static int getCommonPoolParallelism()
Returns the targeted parallelism level of the common pool.
ForkJoinPool.ForkJoinWorkerThreadFactory getFactory()
Returns the factory used for constructing new workers.
int getParallelism()
Returns the targeted parallelism level of this pool.
int getPoolSize()
Returns the number of worker threads that have started but not yet terminated.
int getQueuedSubmissionCount()
Returns an estimate of the number of tasks submitted to this pool that have not yet begun executing.
long getQueuedTaskCount()
Returns an estimate of the total number of tasks currently held in queues by worker threads (but not including tasks submitted to the pool that have not begun executing).
int getRunningThreadCount()
Returns an estimate of the number of worker threads that are not blocked waiting to join tasks or for other managed synchronization.
long getStealCount()
Returns an estimate of the total number of completed tasks that were executed by a thread other than their submitter.
Thread.UncaughtExceptionHandler getUncaughtExceptionHandler()
Returns the handler for internal worker threads that terminate due to unrecoverable errors encountered while executing tasks.
boolean hasQueuedSubmissions()
Returns true if there are any tasks submitted to this pool that have not yet begun executing.
<T> T invoke(ForkJoinTask<T> task)
Performs the given task, returning its result upon completion.
<T> List<Future<T>> invokeAll(Collection<? extends Callable<T>> tasks)
Executes the given tasks, returning a list of Futures holding their status and results when all complete.
boolean isQuiescent()
Returns true if all worker threads are currently idle.
boolean isShutdown()
Returns true if this pool has been shut down.
boolean isTerminated()
Returns true if all tasks have completed following shut down.
boolean isTerminating()
Returns true if the process of termination has commenced but not yet completed.
static void managedBlock(ForkJoinPool.ManagedBlocker blocker)
Runs the given possibly blocking task.
protected ForkJoinTask<?> pollSubmission()
Removes and returns the next unexecuted submission if one is available.
void shutdown()
Possibly initiates an orderly shutdown in which previously submitted tasks are executed, but no new tasks will be accepted.
List<Runnable> shutdownNow()
Possibly attempts to cancel and/or stop all tasks, and reject all subsequently submitted tasks.
ForkJoinTask<?> submit(Runnable task)
Submits a Runnable task for execution and returns a Future representing that task.
<T> ForkJoinTask<T> submit(Runnable task, T result)
Submits a Runnable task for execution and returns a Future representing that task.
<T> ForkJoinTask<T> submit(Callable<T> task)
Submits a value-returning task for execution and returns a Future representing the pending results of the task.
<T> ForkJoinTask<T> submit(ForkJoinTask<T> task)
Submits a ForkJoinTask for execution.
String toString()
Returns a string identifying this pool, as well as its state, including indications of run state, parallelism level, and worker and task counts.
Creates a new ForkJoinWorkerThread. This factory is used unless overridden in ForkJoinPool constructors.
public ForkJoinPool()
Creates a
ForkJoinPool
with parallelism equal to
Runtime.availableProcessors()
, using defaults for all other parameters (see
ForkJoinPool(int, ForkJoinWorkerThreadFactory, UncaughtExceptionHandler, boolean, int, int, int, Predicate, long, TimeUnit)
).
SecurityException - if a security manager exists and the caller is not permitted to modify threads because it does not hold RuntimePermission("modifyThread")
public ForkJoinPool(int parallelism)
Creates a
ForkJoinPool
with the indicated parallelism level, using defaults for all other parameters (see
ForkJoinPool(int, ForkJoinWorkerThreadFactory, UncaughtExceptionHandler, boolean, int, int, int, Predicate, long, TimeUnit)
).
parallelism - the parallelism level
IllegalArgumentException - if parallelism less than or equal to zero, or greater than implementation limit
SecurityException - if a security manager exists and the caller is not permitted to modify threads because it does not hold RuntimePermission("modifyThread")
parallelism - the parallelism level. For default value, use Runtime.availableProcessors().
factory - the factory for creating new threads. For default value, use defaultForkJoinWorkerThreadFactory.
handler - the handler for internal worker threads that terminate due to unrecoverable errors encountered while executing tasks. For default value, use null.
asyncMode - if true, establishes local first-in-first-out scheduling mode for forked tasks that are never joined. This mode may be more appropriate than default locally stack-based mode in applications in which worker threads only process event-style asynchronous tasks. For default value, use false.
IllegalArgumentException - if parallelism less than or equal to zero, or greater than implementation limit
NullPointerException - if the factory is null
SecurityException - if a security manager exists and the caller is not permitted to modify threads because it does not hold RuntimePermission("modifyThread")
Creates a ForkJoinPool with the given parameters.
parallelism - the parallelism level. For default value, use Runtime.availableProcessors().
factory - the factory for creating new threads. For default value, use defaultForkJoinWorkerThreadFactory.
handler - the handler for internal worker threads that terminate due to unrecoverable errors encountered while executing tasks. For default value, use null.
asyncMode - if true, establishes local first-in-first-out scheduling mode for forked tasks that are never joined. This mode may be more appropriate than default locally stack-based mode in applications in which worker threads only process event-style asynchronous tasks. For default value, use false.
corePoolSize - the number of threads to keep in the pool (unless timed out after an elapsed keep-alive). Normally (and by default) this is the same value as the parallelism level, but may be set to a larger value to reduce dynamic overhead if tasks regularly block. Using a smaller value (for example 0) has the same effect as the default.
maximumPoolSize - the maximum number of threads allowed. When the maximum is reached, attempts to replace blocked threads fail. (However, because creation and termination of different threads may overlap, and may be managed by the given thread factory, this value may be transiently exceeded.) To arrange the same value as is used by default for the common pool, use 256 plus the parallelism level. (By default, the common pool allows a maximum of 256 spare threads.) Using a value (for example Integer.MAX_VALUE) larger than the implementation's total thread limit has the same effect as using this limit (which is the default).
minimumRunnable - the minimum allowed number of core threads not blocked by a join or ForkJoinPool.ManagedBlocker. To ensure progress, when too few unblocked threads exist and unexecuted tasks may exist, new threads are constructed, up to the given maximumPoolSize. For the default value, use 1, that ensures liveness. A larger value might improve throughput in the presence of blocked activities, but might not, due to increased overhead. A value of zero may be acceptable when submitted tasks cannot have dependencies requiring additional threads.
saturate - if non-null, a predicate invoked upon attempts to create more than the maximum total allowed threads. By default, when a thread is about to block on a join or ForkJoinPool.ManagedBlocker, but cannot be replaced because the maximumPoolSize would be exceeded, a RejectedExecutionException is thrown. But if this predicate returns true, then no exception is thrown, so the pool continues to operate with fewer than the target number of runnable threads, which might not ensure progress.
keepAliveTime - the elapsed time since last use before a thread is terminated (and then later replaced if needed). For the default value, use 60, TimeUnit.SECONDS.
unit - the time unit for the keepAliveTime argument
IllegalArgumentException - if parallelism is less than or equal to zero, or is greater than implementation limit, or if maximumPoolSize is less than parallelism, of if the keepAliveTime is less than or equal to zero.
NullPointerException - if the factory is null
SecurityException - if a security manager exists and the caller is not permitted to modify threads because it does not hold RuntimePermission("modifyThread")
Returns the common pool instance. This pool is statically constructed; its run state is unaffected by attempts to
shutdown()
or
shutdownNow()
. However this pool and any ongoing processing are automatically terminated upon program
System.exit(int)
. Any program that relies on asynchronous task processing to complete before program termination should invoke
commonPool().awaitQuiescence
, before exit.
Performs the given task, returning its result upon completion. If the computation encounters an unchecked Exception or Error, it is rethrown as the outcome of this invocation. Rethrown exceptions behave in the same way as regular exceptions, but, when possible, contain stack traces (as displayed for example using ex.printStackTrace()) of both the current thread as well as the thread actually encountering the exception; minimally only the latter.
T - the type of the task's result
task - the task
NullPointerException - if the task is null
RejectedExecutionException - if the task cannot be scheduled for execution
Arranges for (asynchronous) execution of the given task.
task - the task
NullPointerException - if the task is null
RejectedExecutionException - if the task cannot be scheduled for execution
Executor
Executes the given command at some time in the future. The command may execute in a new thread, in a pooled thread, or in the calling thread, at the discretion of the Executor implementation.
task - the runnable task
NullPointerException - if the task is null
RejectedExecutionException - if the task cannot be scheduled for execution
Submits a ForkJoinTask for execution.
T - the type of the task's result
task - the task to submit
NullPointerException - if the task is null
RejectedExecutionException - if the task cannot be scheduled for execution
Submits a value-returning task for execution and returns a Future representing the pending results of the task. The Future's
get
method will return the task's result upon successful completion.
If you would like to immediately block waiting for a task, you can use constructions of the form result = exec.submit(aCallable).get();
Note: The Executors class includes a set of methods that can convert some other common closure-like objects, for example, PrivilegedAction to Callable form so they can be submitted.
submit in interface ExecutorService
submit in class AbstractExecutorService
T - the type of the task's result
task - the task to submit
NullPointerException - if the task is null
RejectedExecutionException - if the task cannot be scheduled for execution
Submits a Runnable task for execution and returns a Future representing that task. The Future's get method will return the given result upon successful completion.
submit in interface ExecutorService
submit in class AbstractExecutorService
T - the type of the result
task - the task to submit
result - the result to return
NullPointerException - if the task is null
RejectedExecutionException - if the task cannot be scheduled for execution
Submits a Runnable task for execution and returns a Future representing that task. The Future's get method will return null upon successful completion.
submit in interface ExecutorService
submit in class AbstractExecutorService
task - the task to submit
NullPointerException - if the task is null
RejectedExecutionException - if the task cannot be scheduled for execution
Executes the given tasks, returning a list of Futures holding their status and results when all complete.
Future.isDone()
is
true
for each element of the returned list. Note that a
completedtask could have terminated either normally or by throwing an exception. The results of this method are undefined if the given collection is modified while this operation is in progress.
T - the type of the values returned from the tasks
tasks - the collection of tasks
NullPointerException - if tasks or any of its elements are null
RejectedExecutionException - if any task cannot be scheduled for execution
Returns the factory used for constructing new workers.
Returns the handler for internal worker threads that terminate due to unrecoverable errors encountered while executing tasks.
null if none
public int getParallelism()
Returns the targeted parallelism level of this pool.
public static int getCommonPoolParallelism()
Returns the targeted parallelism level of the common pool.
public int getPoolSize()
Returns the number of worker threads that have started but not yet terminated. The result returned by this method may differ from
getParallelism()
when threads are created to maintain parallelism when others are cooperatively blocked.
public boolean getAsyncMode()
Returns true if this pool uses local first-in-first-out scheduling mode for forked tasks that are never joined.
true if this pool uses async mode
public int getRunningThreadCount()
Returns an estimate of the number of worker threads that are not blocked waiting to join tasks or for other managed synchronization. This method may overestimate the number of running threads.
public int getActiveThreadCount()
Returns an estimate of the number of threads that are currently stealing or executing tasks. This method may overestimate the number of active threads.
public boolean isQuiescent()
Returns true if all worker threads are currently idle. An idle worker is one that cannot obtain a task to execute because none are available to steal from other threads, and there are no pending submissions to the pool. This method is conservative; it might not return true immediately upon idleness of all threads, but will eventually become true if threads remain inactive.
true if all threads are currently idle
public long getStealCount()
Returns an estimate of the total number of completed tasks that were executed by a thread other than their submitter. The reported value underestimates the actual total number of steals when the pool is not quiescent. This value may be useful for monitoring and tuning fork/join programs: in general, steal counts should be high enough to keep threads busy, but low enough to avoid overhead and contention across threads.
public long getQueuedTaskCount()
Returns an estimate of the total number of tasks currently held in queues by worker threads (but not including tasks submitted to the pool that have not begun executing). This value is only an approximation, obtained by iterating across all threads in the pool. This method may be useful for tuning task granularities.
public int getQueuedSubmissionCount()
Returns an estimate of the number of tasks submitted to this pool that have not yet begun executing. This method may take time proportional to the number of submissions.
public boolean hasQueuedSubmissions()
Returns true if there are any tasks submitted to this pool that have not yet begun executing.
true if there are any queued submissions
Removes and returns the next unexecuted submission if one is available. This method may be useful in extensions to this class that re-assign work in systems with multiple pools.
null if none
Removes all available unexecuted submitted and forked tasks from scheduling queues and adds them to the given collection, without altering their execution status. These may include artificially generated or wrapped tasks. This method is designed to be invoked only when the pool is known to be quiescent. Invocations at other times may not remove all tasks. A failure encountered while attempting to add elements to collection c may result in elements being in neither, either or both collections when the associated exception is thrown. The behavior of this operation is undefined if the specified collection is modified while the operation is in progress.
c - the collection to transfer elements into
Returns a string identifying this pool, as well as its state, including indications of run state, parallelism level, and worker and task counts.
public void shutdown()
Possibly initiates an orderly shutdown in which previously submitted tasks are executed, but no new tasks will be accepted. Invocation has no effect on execution state if this is the
commonPool()
, and no additional effect if already shut down. Tasks that are in the process of being submitted concurrently during the course of this method may or may not be rejected.
SecurityException - if a security manager exists and the caller is not permitted to modify threads because it does not hold RuntimePermission("modifyThread")
Possibly attempts to cancel and/or stop all tasks, and reject all subsequently submitted tasks. Invocation has no effect on execution state if this is the
commonPool()
, and no additional effect if already shut down. Otherwise, tasks that are in the process of being submitted or executed concurrently during the course of this method may or may not be rejected. This method cancels both existing and unexecuted tasks, in order to permit termination in the presence of task dependencies. So the method always returns an empty list (unlike the case for some other Executors).
SecurityException - if a security manager exists and the caller is not permitted to modify threads because it does not hold RuntimePermission("modifyThread")
public boolean isTerminated()
Returns true if all tasks have completed following shut down.
true if all tasks have completed following shut down
public boolean isTerminating()
Returns
true
if the process of termination has commenced but not yet completed. This method may be useful for debugging. A return of
true
reported a sufficient period after shutdown may indicate that submitted tasks have ignored or suppressed interruption, or are waiting for I/O, causing this executor not to properly terminate. (See the advisory notes for class
ForkJoinTask
stating that tasks should not normally entail blocking operations. But if they do, they must abort them on interrupt.)
true if terminating but not yet terminated
public boolean isShutdown()
Returns true if this pool has been shut down.
true if this pool has been shut down
Blocks until all tasks have completed execution after a shutdown request, or the timeout occurs, or the current thread is interrupted, whichever happens first. Because the
commonPool()
never terminates until program shutdown, when applied to the common pool, this method is equivalent to
awaitQuiescence(long, TimeUnit)
but always returns
false
.
timeout - the maximum time to wait
unit - the time unit of the timeout argument
true if this executor terminated and false if the timeout elapsed before termination
InterruptedException - if interrupted while waiting
(
long timeout, TimeUnit unit)If called by a ForkJoinTask operating in this pool, equivalent in effect to
ForkJoinTask.helpQuiesce()
. Otherwise, waits and/or attempts to assist performing tasks until this pool
isQuiescent()
or the indicated timeout elapses.
timeout - the maximum time to wait
unit - the time unit of the timeout argument
true if quiescent; false if the timeout elapsed.
Runs the given possibly blocking task. When
running in a ForkJoinPool, this method possibly arranges for a spare thread to be activated if necessary to ensure sufficient parallelism while the current thread is blocked in
blocker.block()
.
This method repeatedly calls blocker.isReleasable() and blocker.block() until either method returns true. Every call to blocker.block() is preceded by a call to blocker.isReleasable() that returned false.
If not running in a ForkJoinPool, this method is behaviorally equivalent to
while (!blocker.isReleasable())
if (blocker.block())
break;
If running in a ForkJoinPool, the pool may first be expanded to ensure sufficient parallelism available during the call to
blocker.block()
.
blocker - the blocker task
InterruptedException - if blocker.block() did so
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