public class Executors extends Object
Factory and utility methods for
Executor
,
ExecutorService
,
ScheduledExecutorService
,
ThreadFactory
, and
Callable
classes defined in this package. This class supports the following kinds of methods:
ExecutorService set up with commonly useful configuration settings.ScheduledExecutorService set up with commonly useful configuration settings.ThreadFactory that sets newly created threads to a known state.Callable out of other closure-like forms, so they can be used in execution methods requiring Callable.static Callable<Object> callable(Runnable task)
Returns a
Callable
object that, when called, runs the given task and returns
null
.
static <T> Callable<T> callable(Runnable task, T result)
Returns a
Callable
object that, when called, runs the given task and returns the given result.
static Callable<Object> callable(PrivilegedAction<?> action)
Returns a
Callable
object that, when called, runs the given privileged action and returns its result.
static Callable<Object> callable(PrivilegedExceptionAction<?> action)
Returns a
Callable
object that, when called, runs the given privileged exception action and returns its result.
static ThreadFactory defaultThreadFactory()
Returns a default thread factory used to create new threads.
static ExecutorService newCachedThreadPool()
Creates a thread pool that creates new threads as needed, but will reuse previously constructed threads when they are available.
static ExecutorService newCachedThreadPool(ThreadFactory threadFactory)
Creates a thread pool that creates new threads as needed, but will reuse previously constructed threads when they are available, and uses the provided ThreadFactory to create new threads when needed.
static ExecutorService newFixedThreadPool(int nThreads)
Creates a thread pool that reuses a fixed number of threads operating off a shared unbounded queue.
static ExecutorService newFixedThreadPool(int nThreads, ThreadFactory threadFactory)
Creates a thread pool that reuses a fixed number of threads operating off a shared unbounded queue, using the provided ThreadFactory to create new threads when needed.
static ScheduledExecutorService newScheduledThreadPool(int corePoolSize)
Creates a thread pool that can schedule commands to run after a given delay, or to execute periodically.
static ScheduledExecutorService newScheduledThreadPool(int corePoolSize, ThreadFactory threadFactory)
Creates a thread pool that can schedule commands to run after a given delay, or to execute periodically.
static ExecutorService newSingleThreadExecutor()
Creates an Executor that uses a single worker thread operating off an unbounded queue.
static ExecutorService newSingleThreadExecutor(ThreadFactory threadFactory)
Creates an Executor that uses a single worker thread operating off an unbounded queue, and uses the provided ThreadFactory to create a new thread when needed.
static ScheduledExecutorService newSingleThreadScheduledExecutor()
Creates a single-threaded executor that can schedule commands to run after a given delay, or to execute periodically.
static ScheduledExecutorService newSingleThreadScheduledExecutor(ThreadFactory threadFactory)
Creates a single-threaded executor that can schedule commands to run after a given delay, or to execute periodically.
static ExecutorService newWorkStealingPool()
Creates a work-stealing thread pool using the number of
available processorsas its target parallelism level.
static ExecutorService newWorkStealingPool(int parallelism)
Creates a thread pool that maintains enough threads to support the given parallelism level, and may use multiple queues to reduce contention.
static <T> Callable<T> privilegedCallable(Callable<T> callable)
Returns a
Callable
object that will, when called, execute the given
callable
under the current access control context.
static <T> Callable<T> privilegedCallableUsingCurrentClassLoader(Callable<T> callable)
Returns a
Callable
object that will, when called, execute the given
callable
under the current access control context, with the current context class loader as the context class loader.
static ThreadFactory privilegedThreadFactory()
Returns a thread factory used to create new threads that have the same permissions as the current thread.
static ExecutorService unconfigurableExecutorService(ExecutorService executor)
Returns an object that delegates all defined
ExecutorService
methods to the given executor, but not any other methods that might otherwise be accessible using casts.
static ScheduledExecutorService unconfigurableScheduledExecutorService(ScheduledExecutorService executor)
Returns an object that delegates all defined
ScheduledExecutorService
methods to the given executor, but not any other methods that might otherwise be accessible using casts.
Methods declared in class java.lang.Objectclone, equals, finalize, getClass, hashCode, notify, notifyAll, toString, wait, wait, waitCreates a thread pool that reuses a fixed number of threads operating off a shared unbounded queue. At any point, at most
nThreads
threads will be active processing tasks. If additional tasks are submitted when all threads are active, they will wait in the queue until a thread is available. If any thread terminates due to a failure during execution prior to shutdown, a new one will take its place if needed to execute subsequent tasks. The threads in the pool will exist until it is explicitly
shutdown
.
nThreads - the number of threads in the pool
IllegalArgumentException - if nThreads <= 0
Creates a thread pool that maintains enough threads to support the given parallelism level, and may use multiple queues to reduce contention. The parallelism level corresponds to the maximum number of threads actively engaged in, or available to engage in, task processing. The actual number of threads may grow and shrink dynamically. A work-stealing pool makes no guarantees about the order in which submitted tasks are executed.
parallelism - the targeted parallelism level
IllegalArgumentException - if parallelism <= 0
Creates a work-stealing thread pool using the number of
available processorsas its target parallelism level.
newWorkStealingPool(int)
Creates a thread pool that reuses a fixed number of threads operating off a shared unbounded queue, using the provided ThreadFactory to create new threads when needed. At any point, at most
nThreads
threads will be active processing tasks. If additional tasks are submitted when all threads are active, they will wait in the queue until a thread is available. If any thread terminates due to a failure during execution prior to shutdown, a new one will take its place if needed to execute subsequent tasks. The threads in the pool will exist until it is explicitly
shutdown
.
nThreads - the number of threads in the pool
threadFactory - the factory to use when creating new threads
NullPointerException - if threadFactory is null
IllegalArgumentException - if nThreads <= 0
Creates an Executor that uses a single worker thread operating off an unbounded queue. (Note however that if this single thread terminates due to a failure during execution prior to shutdown, a new one will take its place if needed to execute subsequent tasks.) Tasks are guaranteed to execute sequentially, and no more than one task will be active at any given time. Unlike the otherwise equivalent newFixedThreadPool(1) the returned executor is guaranteed not to be reconfigurable to use additional threads.
Creates an Executor that uses a single worker thread operating off an unbounded queue, and uses the provided ThreadFactory to create a new thread when needed. Unlike the otherwise equivalent newFixedThreadPool(1, threadFactory) the returned executor is guaranteed not to be reconfigurable to use additional threads.
threadFactory - the factory to use when creating new threads
NullPointerException - if threadFactory is null
Creates a thread pool that creates new threads as needed, but will reuse previously constructed threads when they are available. These pools will typically improve the performance of programs that execute many short-lived asynchronous tasks. Calls to
execute
will reuse previously constructed threads if available. If no existing thread is available, a new thread will be created and added to the pool. Threads that have not been used for sixty seconds are terminated and removed from the cache. Thus, a pool that remains idle for long enough will not consume any resources. Note that pools with similar properties but different details (for example, timeout parameters) may be created using
ThreadPoolExecutor
constructors.
Creates a thread pool that creates new threads as needed, but will reuse previously constructed threads when they are available, and uses the provided ThreadFactory to create new threads when needed.
threadFactory - the factory to use when creating new threads
NullPointerException - if threadFactory is null
Creates a single-threaded executor that can schedule commands to run after a given delay, or to execute periodically. (Note however that if this single thread terminates due to a failure during execution prior to shutdown, a new one will take its place if needed to execute subsequent tasks.) Tasks are guaranteed to execute sequentially, and no more than one task will be active at any given time. Unlike the otherwise equivalent newScheduledThreadPool(1) the returned executor is guaranteed not to be reconfigurable to use additional threads.
Creates a single-threaded executor that can schedule commands to run after a given delay, or to execute periodically. (Note however that if this single thread terminates due to a failure during execution prior to shutdown, a new one will take its place if needed to execute subsequent tasks.) Tasks are guaranteed to execute sequentially, and no more than one task will be active at any given time. Unlike the otherwise equivalent newScheduledThreadPool(1, threadFactory) the returned executor is guaranteed not to be reconfigurable to use additional threads.
threadFactory - the factory to use when creating new threads
NullPointerException - if threadFactory is null
Creates a thread pool that can schedule commands to run after a given delay, or to execute periodically.
corePoolSize - the number of threads to keep in the pool, even if they are idle
IllegalArgumentException - if corePoolSize < 0
Creates a thread pool that can schedule commands to run after a given delay, or to execute periodically.
corePoolSize - the number of threads to keep in the pool, even if they are idle
threadFactory - the factory to use when the executor creates a new thread
IllegalArgumentException - if corePoolSize < 0
NullPointerException - if threadFactory is null
Returns an object that delegates all defined
ExecutorService
methods to the given executor, but not any other methods that might otherwise be accessible using casts. This provides a way to safely "freeze" configuration and disallow tuning of a given concrete implementation.
executor - the underlying implementation
ExecutorService instance
NullPointerException - if executor null
Returns an object that delegates all defined
ScheduledExecutorService
methods to the given executor, but not any other methods that might otherwise be accessible using casts. This provides a way to safely "freeze" configuration and disallow tuning of a given concrete implementation.
executor - the underlying implementation
ScheduledExecutorService instance
NullPointerException - if executor null
Returns a default thread factory used to create new threads. This factory creates all new threads used by an Executor in the same
ThreadGroup
. If there is a
SecurityManager
, it uses the group of
System.getSecurityManager()
, else the group of the thread invoking this
defaultThreadFactory
method. Each new thread is created as a non-daemon thread with priority set to the smaller of
Thread.NORM_PRIORITY
and the maximum priority permitted in the thread group. New threads have names accessible via
Thread.getName()
of
pool-N-thread-M, where
Nis the sequence number of this factory, and
Mis the sequence number of the thread created by this factory.
Returns a thread factory used to create new threads that have the same permissions as the current thread. This factory creates threads with the same settings as
defaultThreadFactory()
, additionally setting the AccessControlContext and contextClassLoader of new threads to be the same as the thread invoking this
privilegedThreadFactory
method. A new
privilegedThreadFactory
can be created within an
AccessController.doPrivileged
action setting the current thread's access control context to create threads with the selected permission settings holding within that action.
Note that while tasks running within such threads will have the same access control and class loader settings as the current thread, they need not have the same ThreadLocal or InheritableThreadLocal values. If necessary, particular values of thread locals can be set or reset before any task runs in ThreadPoolExecutor subclasses using ThreadPoolExecutor.beforeExecute(Thread, Runnable). Also, if it is necessary to initialize worker threads to have the same InheritableThreadLocal settings as some other designated thread, you can create a custom ThreadFactory in which that thread waits for and services requests to create others that will inherit its values.
AccessControlException - if the current access control context does not have permission to both get and set context class loader
Returns a
Callable
object that, when called, runs the given task and returns the given result. This can be useful when applying methods requiring a
Callable
to an otherwise resultless action.
T - the type of the result
task - the task to run
result - the result to return
NullPointerException - if task null
Returns a
Callable
object that, when called, runs the given task and returns
null
.
task - the task to run
NullPointerException - if task null
Returns a
Callable
object that, when called, runs the given privileged action and returns its result.
action - the privileged action to run
NullPointerException - if action null
Returns a
Callable
object that, when called, runs the given privileged exception action and returns its result.
action - the privileged exception action to run
NullPointerException - if action null
Returns a
Callable
object that will, when called, execute the given
callable
under the current access control context. This method should normally be invoked within an
AccessController.doPrivileged
action to create callables that will, if possible, execute under the selected permission settings holding within that action; or if not possible, throw an associated
AccessControlException
.
T - the type of the callable's result
callable - the underlying task
NullPointerException - if callable null
(
Callable<T> callable)Returns a
Callable
object that will, when called, execute the given
callable
under the current access control context, with the current context class loader as the context class loader. This method should normally be invoked within an
AccessController.doPrivileged
action to create callables that will, if possible, execute under the selected permission settings holding within that action; or if not possible, throw an associated
AccessControlException
.
T - the type of the callable's result
callable - the underlying task
NullPointerException - if callable null
AccessControlException - if the current access control context does not have permission to both set and get context class loader
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