The D-score is a numerical score that measures generic development in children. Use the D-score to analyze and predict early development of children similar to measures like height and weight.
The dscore
package contains tools to
The required input consists of item level responses on milestones from widely used instruments for measuring child development.
InstallationYou can install the development version from GitHub with:
install.packages("remotes")
remotes::install_github("d-score/dscore")
Overview
You may estimate the D-score and the Development-for-Age Z-score (DAZ) from child data on developmental milestones. Four steps are needed:
dscore
package covers your measurement instrument;The dscore
package provides various function that support these steps. See Getting started for more details.
dutch
key, 0-2 years: van Buuren (2014)gcdg
key: Weber et al. (2019)gsed
keys: World Health Organization (WHO) (2023)If you want to calculate the D-score on your own data, and youâre not an R
user, you might wish to check out our interactive Shiny dcalculator app.
The authors wish to recognize the principal investigators and their study team members for their generous contribution of the data that made this tool possible and the members of the Ki team who directly or indirectly contributed to the study: Amina Abubakar, Claudia R. Lindgren Alves, Orazio Attanasio, Maureen M. Black, Maria Caridad Araujo, Susan M. Chang-Lopez, Gary L. Darmstadt, Bernice M. Doove, Wafaie Fawzi, Lia C.H. Fernald, Günther Fink, Emanuela Galasso, Melissa Gladstone, Sally M. Grantham-McGregor, Cristina Gutierrez de Pineres, Pamela Jervis, Jena Derakhshani Hamadani, Charlotte Hanlon, Simone M. Karam, Gillian Lancaster, Betzy Lozoff, Gareth McCray, Jeffrey R Measelle, Girmay Medhin, Ana M. B. Menezes, Lauren Pisani, Helen Pitchik, Muneera Rasheed, Lisy Ratsifandrihamanana, Sarah Reynolds, Linda Richter, Marta Rubio-Codina, Norbert Schady, Limbika Sengani, Chris Sudfeld, Marcus Waldman, Susan P. Walker, Ann M. Weber and Aisha K. Yousafzai.
This study was supported by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. The contents are the sole responsibility of the authors and may not necessarily represent the official views of the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation or other agencies that may have supported the primary data studies used in the present study.
LiteratureJacobusse, G., and S. van Buuren. 2007. âComputerized Adaptive Testing for Measuring Development of Young Children.â
Statistics in Medicine26 (13): 2629â38.
https://stefvanbuuren.name/publication/jacobusse-2007/.
Jacobusse, G., S. van Buuren, and P. H. Verkerk. 2006. âAn Interval Scale for Development of Children Aged 0-2 Years.â
Statistics in Medicine25 (13): 2272â83.
https://stefvanbuuren.name/publication/jacobusse-2006/.
van Buuren, S. 2014. âGrowth Charts of Human Development.â
Statistical Methods in Medical Research23 (4): 346â68.
https://stefvanbuuren.name/publication/van-buuren-2014-gc/.
Weber, A. M., M. Rubio-Codina, S. P. Walker, S. van Buuren, I. Eekhout, S. Grantham-McGregor, M. C. Araujo, et al. 2019. âThe D-Score: A Metric for Interpreting the Early Development of Infants and Toddlers Across Global Settings.â
BMJ Global Health4: e001724.
https://gh.bmj.com/content/bmjgh/4/6/e001724.full.pdf.
World Health Organization (WHO). 2023. âGlobal Scales for Early Development (GSED) V1.0: Technical Report.â Geneva: World Health Organization.
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