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Connect to Linux VMs using Identity-Aware Proxy | Compute Engine Documentation

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Linux

This document describes how to connect to a virtual machine (VM) instance through its internal IP address, using Identity-Aware Proxy (IAP) TCP forwarding.

IAP TCP forwarding lets you establish an encrypted tunnel over which you can forward SSH connections to VMs. When you connect to a VM that uses IAP, IAP wraps the SSH connection inside HTTPS before forwarding the connection to the VM. Then, IAP checks if you have the required IAM permissions and if you do, grants access to the VM.

If you need to connect to a VM that doesn't have external IP addresses and you can't use IAP, review the other methods listed in Connection options for internal-only VMs.

• Create a firewall rule to enable connections from IAP.
• If you haven't already, then set up authentication. Authentication is the process by which your identity is verified for access to Google Cloud services and APIs. To run code or samples from a local development environment, you can authenticate to Compute Engine by selecting one of the following options:

  Select the tab for how you plan to use the samples on this page:

  Console

  When you use the Google Cloud console to access Google Cloud services and APIs, you don't need to set up authentication.

  gcloud

  1. Install the Google Cloud CLI. After installation, initialize the Google Cloud CLI by running the following command:

     gcloud init

     If you're using an external identity provider (IdP), you must first sign in to the gcloud CLI with your federated identity.

     Note: If you installed the gcloud CLI previously, make sure you have the latest version by running gcloud components update.
  2. Set a default region and zone.

These connection methods are supported for all public Linux images that are available on Compute Engine. For Fedora CoreOS images, you must set up SSH access before you can use these methods.

To connect to a VM, complete the steps in one of the following tabs.

To perform this task, you must have the following permissions:

• All permissions included in the IAP roles.

Tunnel SSH connections through a VM's internal IP address using SSH-in-Browser by doing the following:

1. In the Google Cloud console, go to the VM instances page.

   Go to VM instances

2. In the list of virtual machine instances, click SSH in the row of the instance that you want to connect to.

Tunnel SSH connections through a VM's internal IP address using the gcloud compute ssh command with the --tunnel-through-iap flag:

In the Google Cloud console, activate Cloud Shell.

Activate Cloud Shell

At the bottom of the Google Cloud console, a Cloud Shell session starts and displays a command-line prompt. Cloud Shell is a shell environment with the Google Cloud CLI already installed and with values already set for your current project. It can take a few seconds for the session to initialize.

1. Connect to the VM by running the following command:

   gcloud compute ssh VM-NAME \
       --tunnel-through-iap

Replace VM_NAME with the name of the VM that you want to connect to.

To connect to a VM using IAP Desktop, do the following:

1. Install IAP Desktop on your workstation if you haven't already.

2. Open IAP Desktop. The Add projects window opens.

3. When prompted, sign in using the Google account that has access to the project with the VMs you want to connect to.

4. In the Add projects window, enter the project ID or name of the project that contains the VMs you want to connect to.

5. In the Project Explorer window, right-click the name of the VM again and select Connect to connect to the VM.

Tunnel SSH connections through a VM's internal IP address using PuTTY, by doing the following:

1. Add an SSH key to the VM if you haven't already.
2. If your workstation doesn't already have the PuTTY app installed, download the PuTTY package files.

3. In the Google Cloud console, go to the VM Instances page and find the name of the VM that you want to connect to.

   Go to VM Instances

4. Open the PuTTY app. A connection configuration window opens.

5. In the Host Name field, enter the username associated with the SSH key, and the name of the VM that you want to connect to. Use the following format:

   USERNAME@VM_NAME

   Replace the following:

   • USERNAME: your username. If you manage your SSH keys in metadata, the username is what you specified when you created the SSH key. For OS Login accounts, the username is defined in your Google profile. For example, cloudysanfrancisco_example_com or cloudysanfrancisco.
   • NAME: the name of the VM.
6. In the Category menu, navigate to Connection > SSH > Auth.
7. In the Private key file for authentication field, select the private SSH key file that corresponds to the public key you added to the VM.
8. In the Category menu, navigate to Connection > Proxy.
9. In the Proxy type section, select Local.

10. In the Telnet command, or local proxy command field, enter the following command:

    gcloud.cmd compute start-iap-tunnel VM_NAME PORT_NUMBER --listen-on-stdin --project=PROJECT_ID --zone=ZONE

    Replace the following:

    • VM_NAME: the name of the VM that you want to connect to.
    • PORT_NUMBER: the port that the sshd daemon runs on. The default PORT_NUMBER is 22.
    • PROJECT_ID: the project that hosts the VM that you want to connect to.
    • ZONE: the zone where the VM is located.
11. Click Open to connect to the VM.

To find methods for diagnosing and resolving failed SSH connections, see Troubleshooting SSH.

• Learn how to manage access to VMs.
• Learn how to transfer files to VMs.
• Learn how SSH connections to Linux VMs work on Compute Engine.

Except as otherwise noted, the content of this page is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License, and code samples are licensed under the Apache 2.0 License. For details, see the Google Developers Site Policies. Java is a registered trademark of Oracle and/or its affiliates.

Last updated 2025-08-07 UTC.

[[["Easy to understand","easyToUnderstand","thumb-up"],["Solved my problem","solvedMyProblem","thumb-up"],["Other","otherUp","thumb-up"]],[["Hard to understand","hardToUnderstand","thumb-down"],["Incorrect information or sample code","incorrectInformationOrSampleCode","thumb-down"],["Missing the information/samples I need","missingTheInformationSamplesINeed","thumb-down"],["Other","otherDown","thumb-down"]],["Last updated 2025-08-07 UTC."],[[["Identity-Aware Proxy (IAP) TCP forwarding enables secure SSH connections to virtual machines (VMs) via an encrypted tunnel, even if the VM lacks an external IP address."],["To use IAP, you must have the correct IAM permissions and create a firewall rule to allow connections, and for VMs without external IPs it will use IAP to connect."],["Connecting to Linux VMs can be done through the Google Cloud console's SSH-in-Browser feature, the `gcloud compute ssh` command with the `--tunnel-through-iap` flag, IAP Desktop, or the PuTTY app."],["When connecting via the Google Cloud console or gcloud CLI, ephemeral or persistent SSH keys, respectively, are automatically created by Compute Engine."],["The connection methods are supported for public Linux images available on Compute Engine, but Fedora CoreOS images require prior SSH setup."]]],[]]

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