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Run inference on image object tables | BigQuery

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This document describes how to use BigQuery ML to run inference on image object tables.

You can run inference on image data by using an object table as input to the ML.PREDICT function.

To do this, you must first choose an appropriate model, upload it to Cloud Storage, and import it into BigQuery by running the CREATE MODEL statement. You can either create your own model, or download one from TensorFlow Hub.

• Using BigQuery ML imported models with object tables is only supported when you use capacity-based pricing through reservations; on-demand pricing isn't supported.
• The image files associated with the object table must meet the following requirements:
  • Are less than 20 MB in size.
  • Have a format of JPEG, PNG or BMP.
• The combined size of the image files associated with the object table must be less than 1 TB.

• The model must be one of following:

  • A TensorFlow or TensorFlow Lite model in SavedModel format.
  • A PyTorch model in ONNX format.

• The model must meet the input requirements and limitations described in the CREATE MODEL statement for importing TensorFlow models.

• The serialized size of the model must be less than 450 MB.

• The deserialized (in-memory) size of the model must be less than 1000 MB.

• The model input tensor must meet the following criteria:

  • Have a data type of tf.float32 with values in [0, 1) or have a data type of tf.uint8 with values in [0, 255).
  • Have the shape [batch_size, weight, height, 3], where:
    • batch_size must be -1, None, or 1.
    • width and height must be greater than 0.

• The model must be trained with images in one of the following color spaces:

  • RGB
  • HSV
  • YIQ
  • YUV
  • GRAYSCALE

  You can use the ML.CONVERT_COLOR_SPACE function to convert input images to the color space that the model was trained with.

The following models on TensorFlow Hub work with BigQuery ML and image object tables:

• ResNet 50. To try using this model, see Tutorial: Run inference on an object table by using a classification model.
• MobileNet V3. To try using this model, see Tutorial: Run inference on an object table by using a feature vector model.

• To upload the model to Cloud Storage, you need the storage.objects.create and storage.objects.get permissions.

• To load the model into BigQuery ML, you need the following permissions:

  • bigquery.jobs.create
  • bigquery.models.create
  • bigquery.models.getData
  • bigquery.models.updateData

• To run inference, you need the following permissions:

  • bigquery.tables.getData on the object table
  • bigquery.models.getData on the model
  • bigquery.jobs.create

1. Sign in to your Google Cloud account. If you're new to Google Cloud, create an account to evaluate how our products perform in real-world scenarios. New customers also get $300 in free credits to run, test, and deploy workloads.

2. In the Google Cloud console, on the project selector page, select or create a Google Cloud project.

   Note: If you don't plan to keep the resources that you create in this procedure, create a project instead of selecting an existing project. After you finish these steps, you can delete the project, removing all resources associated with the project.

   Go to project selector

3. Verify that billing is enabled for your Google Cloud project.

4. Enable the BigQuery and BigQuery Connection API APIs.

   Enable the APIs

5. In the Google Cloud console, on the project selector page, select or create a Google Cloud project.

   Note: If you don't plan to keep the resources that you create in this procedure, create a project instead of selecting an existing project. After you finish these steps, you can delete the project, removing all resources associated with the project.

   Go to project selector

6. Verify that billing is enabled for your Google Cloud project.

7. Enable the BigQuery and BigQuery Connection API APIs.

   Enable the APIs

Follow these steps to upload a model:

1. If you have created your own model, save it locally. If you are using a model from TensorFlow Hub, download it to your local machine. If you are using TensorFlow, this should give you a saved_model.pb file and a variables folder for the model.
2. If necessary, create a Cloud Storage bucket.
3. Upload the model artifacts to the bucket.

Loading a model that works with image object tables is the same as loading a model that works with structured data. Follow these steps to load a model into BigQuery ML:

CREATE MODEL `PROJECT_ID.DATASET_ID.MODEL_NAME`
OPTIONS(
  model_type = 'MODEL_TYPE',
  model_path = 'BUCKET_PATH');

Replace the following:

• PROJECT_ID: your project ID.
• DATASET_ID: the ID of the dataset to contain the model.
• MODEL_NAME: the name of the model.
• MODEL_TYPE: use one of the following values:
  • TENSORFLOW for a TensorFlow model
  • ONNX for a PyTorch model in ONNX format
• BUCKET_PATH: the path to the Cloud Storage bucket that contains the model, in the format [gs://bucket_name/[folder_name/]*].

The following example uses the default project and loads a TensorFlow model to BigQuery ML as my_vision_model, using the saved_model.pb file and variables folder from gs://my_bucket/my_model_folder:

CREATE MODEL `my_dataset.my_vision_model`
OPTIONS(
  model_type = 'TENSORFLOW',
  model_path = 'gs://my_bucket/my_model_folder/*');

You can inspect the uploaded model to see what its input and output fields are. You need to reference these fields when you run inference on the object table.

Follow these steps to inspect a model:

1. Go to the BigQuery page.

   Go to BigQuery

2. In the Explorer pane, expand your project, expand the dataset that contains the model, and then expand the Models node.

3. Click the model.

4. In the model pane that opens, click the Schema tab.

5. Look at the Labels section. This identifies the fields that are output by the model.

6. Look at the Features section. This identifies the fields that must be input into the model. You reference them in the SELECT statement for the ML.DECODE_IMAGE function.

For more detailed inspection of a TensorFlow model, for example to determine the shape of the model input, install TensorFlow and use the saved_model_cli show command.

You must use the ML.DECODE_IMAGE function to convert image bytes to a multi-dimensional ARRAY representation. You can use ML.DECODE_IMAGE output directly in an ML.PREDICT function, or you can write the results from ML.DECODE_IMAGE to a table column and reference that column when you call ML.PREDICT.

The following example writes the output of the ML.DECODE_IMAGE function to a table:

CREATE OR REPLACE TABLE mydataset.mytable AS (
  SELECT ML.DECODE_IMAGE(data) AS decoded_image FROM mydataset.object_table
  );

Use the following functions to further process images so that they work with your model:

• The ML.CONVERT_COLOR_SPACE function converts images with an RGB color space to a different color space.
• The ML.CONVERT_IMAGE_TYPE function converts the pixel values output by the ML.DECODE_IMAGE function from floating point numbers to integers with a range of [0, 255).
• The ML.RESIZE_IMAGE function resizes images.

You can use these as part of the ML.PREDICT function, or run them on a table column containing image data output by ML.DECODE_IMAGE.

Once you have an appropriate model loaded, and optionally preprocessed the image data,you can run inference on the image data.

To run inference:

SELECT *
FROM ML.PREDICT(
  MODEL `PROJECT_ID.DATASET_ID.MODEL_NAME`,
  (SELECT [other columns from the object table,] IMAGE_DATA AS MODEL_INPUT
  FROM PROJECT_ID.DATASET_ID.TABLE_NAME)
);

Replace the following:

• PROJECT_ID: the project ID of the project that contains the model and object table.
• DATASET_ID: the ID of the dataset that contains the model and object table.
• MODEL_NAME: the name of the model.
• IMAGE_DATA: the image data, represented either by the output of the ML.DECODE_IMAGE function, or by a table column containing image data output by ML.DECODE_IMAGE or other image processing functions.
• MODEL_INPUT: the name of an input field for the model.You can find this information by inspecting the model and looking at the field names in the Features section.
• TABLE_NAME: the name of the object table.

Example 1

The following example uses the ML.DECODE_IMAGE function directly in the ML.PREDICT function. It returns the inference results for all images in the object table, for a model with an input field of input and an output field of feature:

SELECT * FROM
ML.PREDICT(
  MODEL `my_dataset.vision_model`,
  (SELECT uri, ML.RESIZE_IMAGE(ML.DECODE_IMAGE(data), 480, 480, FALSE) AS input
  FROM `my_dataset.object_table`)
);

Example 2

The following example uses the ML.DECODE_IMAGE function directly in the ML.PREDICT function, and uses the ML.CONVERT_COLOR_SPACE function in the ML.PREDICT function to convert the image color space from RBG to YIQ. It also shows how to use object table fields to filter the objects included in inference. It returns the inference results for all JPG images in the object table, for a model with an input field of input and an output field of feature:

SELECT * FROM
  ML.PREDICT(
    MODEL `my_dataset.vision_model`,
    (SELECT uri, ML.CONVERT_COLOR_SPACE(ML.RESIZE_IMAGE(ML.DECODE_IMAGE(data), 224, 280, TRUE), 'YIQ') AS input
    FROM `my_dataset.object_table`
    WHERE content_type = 'image/jpeg')
  );

Example 3

The following example uses results from ML.DECODE_IMAGE that have been written to a table column but not processed any further. It uses ML.RESIZE_IMAGE and ML.CONVERT_IMAGE_TYPE in the ML.PREDICT function to process the image data. It returns the inference results for all images in the decoded images table, for a model with an input field of input and an output field of feature.

Create the decoded images table:

CREATE OR REPLACE TABLE `my_dataset.decoded_images`
  AS (SELECT ML.DECODE_IMAGE(data) AS decoded_image
  FROM `my_dataset.object_table`);

Run inference on the decoded images table:

SELECT * FROM
ML.PREDICT(
  MODEL`my_dataset.vision_model`,
  (SELECT uri, ML.CONVERT_IMAGE_TYPE(ML.RESIZE_IMAGE(decoded_image, 480, 480, FALSE)) AS input
  FROM `my_dataset.decoded_images`)
);

Example 4

The following example uses results from ML.DECODE_IMAGE that have been written to a table column and preprocessed using ML.RESIZE_IMAGE. It returns the inference results for all images in the decoded images table, for a model with an input field of input and an output field of feature.

Create the table:

CREATE OR REPLACE TABLE `my_dataset.decoded_images`
  AS (SELECT ML.RESIZE_IMAGE(ML.DECODE_IMAGE(data) 480, 480, FALSE) AS decoded_image
  FROM `my_dataset.object_table`);

Run inference on the decoded images table:

SELECT * FROM
ML.PREDICT(
  MODEL `my_dataset.vision_model`,
  (SELECT uri, decoded_image AS input
  FROM `my_dataset.decoded_images`)
);

Example 5

The following example uses the ML.DECODE_IMAGE function directly in the ML.PREDICT function. In this example, the model has an output field of embeddings and two input fields: one that expects an image, f_img, and one that expects a string, f_txt. The image input comes from the object table and the string input comes from a standard BigQuery table that is joined with the object table by using the uri column.

SELECT * FROM
  ML.PREDICT(
    MODEL `my_dataset.mixed_model`,
    (SELECT uri, ML.RESIZE_IMAGE(ML.DECODE_IMAGE(my_dataset.my_object_table.data), 224, 224, FALSE) AS f_img,
      my_dataset.image_description.description AS f_txt
    FROM `my_dataset.object_table`
    JOIN `my_dataset.image_description`
    ON object_table.uri = image_description.uri)
  );

• Learn how to analyze object tables by using remote functions.
• Try running inference on an object table by using a feature vector model.
• Try running inference on an object table by using a classification model.
• Try analyzing an object table by using a remote function.
• Try annotating an image with the ML.ANNOTATE_IMAGE function.

Except as otherwise noted, the content of this page is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License, and code samples are licensed under the Apache 2.0 License. For details, see the Google Developers Site Policies. Java is a registered trademark of Oracle and/or its affiliates.

Last updated 2025-08-07 UTC.

[[["Easy to understand","easyToUnderstand","thumb-up"],["Solved my problem","solvedMyProblem","thumb-up"],["Other","otherUp","thumb-up"]],[["Hard to understand","hardToUnderstand","thumb-down"],["Incorrect information or sample code","incorrectInformationOrSampleCode","thumb-down"],["Missing the information/samples I need","missingTheInformationSamplesINeed","thumb-down"],["Other","otherDown","thumb-down"]],["Last updated 2025-08-07 UTC."],[[["BigQuery ML enables running inference on image data stored in object tables by using the `ML.PREDICT` function with an imported model."],["Before running inference, you must upload a compatible model (TensorFlow, TensorFlow Lite, or PyTorch in ONNX format) to Cloud Storage and load it into BigQuery using the `CREATE MODEL` statement."],["Images associated with the object table must meet specific requirements, including size limits (less than 20MB per image, less than 1TB combined), and format (JPEG, PNG, or BMP)."],["The `ML.DECODE_IMAGE` function must be used to convert image bytes to a multi-dimensional `ARRAY` representation before running inference, with options to further process the images using `ML.CONVERT_COLOR_SPACE`, `ML.CONVERT_IMAGE_TYPE`, and `ML.RESIZE_IMAGE`."],["Running inference requires specific permissions, including `storage.objects.create`, `storage.objects.get`, `bigquery.jobs.create`, `bigquery.models.create`, `bigquery.models.getData`, `bigquery.models.updateData`, and `bigquery.tables.getData` depending on the operation being done."]]],[]]

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